mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlook

arXiv 2112.02838 ↗First posted 6 Dec 2021cs.CVcited by 45

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Abstract (arXiv)

Accurate and robust visual object tracking is one of the most challenging and fundamental computer vision problems. It entails estimating the trajectory of the target in an image sequence, given only its initial location, and segmentation, or its rough approximation in the form of a bounding box. Discriminative Correlation Filters (DCFs) and deep Siamese Networks (SNs) have emerged as dominating tracking paradigms, which have led to significant progress. Following the rapid evolution of visual object tracking in the last decade, this survey presents a systematic and thorough review of more than 90 DCFs and Siamese trackers, based on results in nine tracking benchmarks. First, we present the background theory of both the DCF and Siamese tracking core formulations. Then, we distinguish and comprehensively review the shared as well as specific open research challenges in both these tracking paradigms. Furthermore, we thoroughly analyze the performance of DCF and Siamese trackers on nine benchmarks, covering different experimental aspects of visual tracking: datasets, evaluation metrics, performance, and speed comparisons. We finish the survey by presenting recommendations and suggestions for distinguished open challenges based on our analysis.

Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 107 of its 181 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2021.

Builds on

107 of 181 references.

References · 107

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38 more
  1. 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,429
  2. 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
  3. 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
  4. 2018GOT-10k: A Large High-Diversity Benchmark for Generic Object Tracking in the Wildcited by 471
  5. 2018SiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking with Very Deep Networkscited by 445
  6. 2018LaSOT: A High-quality Benchmark for Large-scale Single Object Trackingcited by 424
  7. 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
  8. 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 348
  9. 2019Learning Discriminative Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 344
  10. 2018TrackingNet: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Object Tracking in the Wildcited by 342
  11. 2014CNN Features off-the-shelf: an Astounding Baseline for Recognitioncited by 316
  12. 2018ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximizationcited by 285
  13. 2018Fast Online Object Tracking and Segmentation: A Unifying Approachcited by 272
  14. 2016ECO: Efficient Convolution Operators for Trackingcited by 239
  15. 2020Probabilistic Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 231
  16. 2018YouTube-VOS: Sequence-to-Sequence Video Object Segmentationcited by 228
  17. 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
  18. 2020Ocean: Object-aware Anchor-free Trackingcited by 212
  19. 2016UnitBox: An Advanced Object Detection Networkcited by 205
  20. 2016Speed/accuracy trade-offs for modern convolutional object detectorscited by 198
  21. 2020Siamese Box Adaptive Network for Visual Trackingcited by 189
  22. 2018Distractor-aware Siamese Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 187
  23. 2019SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelinescited by 177
  24. 2018Acquisition of Localization Confidence for Accurate Object Detectioncited by 174
  25. 2019Siam R-CNN: Visual Tracking by Re-Detectioncited by 174
  26. 2019Deeper and Wider Siamese Networks for Real-Time Visual Trackingcited by 156
  27. 2019SiamCAR: Siamese Fully Convolutional Classification and Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 147
  28. 2019Feature Selective Anchor-Free Module for Single-Shot Object Detectioncited by 139
  29. 2020See More, Know More: Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation with Co-Attention Siamese Networkscited by 138
  30. 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
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  32. 2020Know Your Surroundings: Exploiting Scene Information for Object Trackingcited by 119
  33. 2015A Novel Performance Evaluation Methodology for Single-Target Trackerscited by 113
  34. 2017YouTube-BoundingBoxes: A Large High-Precision Human-Annotated Data Set for Object Detection in Videocited by 109
  35. 2020Deformable Siamese Attention Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 97
  36. 2021STMTrack: Template-free Visual Tracking with Space-time Memory Networkscited by 91
  37. 2017End-to-end representation learning for Correlation Filter based trackingcited by 90
  38. 2016Learning to Track at 100 FPS with Deep Regression Networkscited by 89

50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 17; 2024: 8; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.

45 papers.

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  1. 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
  2. 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
  3. 2023Cross-modal Orthogonal High-rank Augmentation for RGB-Event Transformer-trackerscited by 43
  4. 2023Towards Vehicle-to-everything Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Collaborative Perceptioncited by 38
  5. 2023Separable Self and Mixed Attention Transformers for Efficient Object Trackingcited by 31
  6. 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
  7. 2023OSP2B: One-Stage Point-to-Box Network for 3D Siamese Trackingcited by 16
  8. 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
  9. 2024Towards Category Unification of 3D Single Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 13
  10. 2022Siamese Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A Review and Comprehensive Analysiscited by 11
  11. 2023Improving Underwater Visual Tracking With a Large Scale Dataset and Image Enhancementcited by 11
  12. 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Modelcited by 11
33 more
  1. 2023Transformers in Single Object Tracking: An Experimental Surveycited by 10
  2. 2023Beyond Visual Cues: Synchronously Exploring Target-Centric Semantics for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 9
  3. 2024Improving Visual Object Tracking through Visual Promptingcited by 9
  4. 2025CompTrack: Information Bottleneck-Guided Low-Rank Dynamic Token Compression for Point Cloud Trackingcited by 9
  5. 2026FocusTrack: One-Stage Focus-and-Suppress Framework for 3D Point Cloud Object Trackingcited by 7
  6. 2023SpikeMOT: Event-based Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Motion Featurescited by 6
  7. 2023GLT-T++: Global-Local Transformer for 3D Siamese Tracking with Ranking Losscited by 4
  8. 2023Learning Spatial-Temporal Regularized Tensor Sparse RPCA for Background Subtractioncited by 4
  9. 2025Beyond Frame-wise Tracking: A Trajectory-based Paradigm for Efficient Point Cloud Trackingcited by 4
  10. 2024In Defense and Revival of Bayesian Filtering for Thermal Infrared Object Trackingcited by 3
  11. 2023Mobile Vision Transformer-based Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
  12. 2023AViTMP: A Tracking-Specific Transformer for Single-Branch Visual Trackingcited by 2
  13. 2025CLDTracker: A Comprehensive Language Description for Visual Trackingcited by 2
  14. 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 2
  15. 2026TourPhysics: Bringing Physics to World Models for Exploration and Manipulation from a Single Imagecited by 2
  16. 2022How to Track and Segment Fish without Human Annotations: A Self-Supervised Deep Learning Approachcited by 1
  17. 2023Accelerated Video Annotation driven by Deep Detector and Trackercited by 1
  18. 2023CARPE-ID: Continuously Adaptable Re-identification for Personalized Robot Assistancecited by 1
  19. 2024Adaptively Bypassing Vision Transformer Blocks for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 1
  20. 2025High Performance Space Debris Tracking in Complex Skylight Backgrounds with a Large-Scale Datasetcited by 1
  21. 2025MVTD: A Benchmark Dataset for Maritime Visual Object Trackingcited by 1
  22. 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 1
  23. 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 1
  24. 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editingcited by 1
  25. 2026Leveraging Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Unsupervised Visual Object Trackingcited by 1
  26. 2023Unsupervised Green Object Tracker (GOT) without Offline Pre-trainingcited by 0
  27. 2024Beyond Traditional Single Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 0
  28. 2024Predicting the Best of N Visual Trackerscited by 0
  29. 2025Quaternion-Based Robust PCA for Efficient Moving Target Detection and Background Recovery in Color Videoscited by 0
  30. 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecturecited by 0
  31. 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Methodcited by 0
  32. 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Trackingcited by 0
  33. 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 0