Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlook
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurate and robust visual object tracking is one of the most challenging and fundamental computer vision problems. It entails estimating the trajectory of the target in an image sequence, given only its initial location, and segmentation, or its rough approximation in the form of a bounding box. Discriminative Correlation Filters (DCFs) and deep Siamese Networks (SNs) have emerged as dominating tracking paradigms, which have led to significant progress. Following the rapid evolution of visual object tracking in the last decade, this survey presents a systematic and thorough review of more than 90 DCFs and Siamese trackers, based on results in nine tracking benchmarks. First, we present the background theory of both the DCF and Siamese tracking core formulations. Then, we distinguish and comprehensively review the shared as well as specific open research challenges in both these tracking paradigms. Furthermore, we thoroughly analyze the performance of DCF and Siamese trackers on nine benchmarks, covering different experimental aspects of visual tracking: datasets, evaluation metrics, performance, and speed comparisons. We finish the survey by presenting recommendations and suggestions for distinguished open challenges based on our analysis.
Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 107 of its 181 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2021.
Builds on
107 of 181 references.
References · 107
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50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 17; 2024: 8; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.
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- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2023Cross-modal Orthogonal High-rank Augmentation for RGB-Event Transformer-trackerscited by 43
- 2023Towards Vehicle-to-everything Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Collaborative Perceptioncited by 38
- 2023Separable Self and Mixed Attention Transformers for Efficient Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
- 2023OSP2B: One-Stage Point-to-Box Network for 3D Siamese Trackingcited by 16
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
- 2024Towards Category Unification of 3D Single Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 13
- 2022Siamese Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A Review and Comprehensive Analysiscited by 11
- 2023Improving Underwater Visual Tracking With a Large Scale Dataset and Image Enhancementcited by 11
- 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Modelcited by 11
33 more
- 2023Transformers in Single Object Tracking: An Experimental Surveycited by 10
- 2023Beyond Visual Cues: Synchronously Exploring Target-Centric Semantics for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 9
- 2024Improving Visual Object Tracking through Visual Promptingcited by 9
- 2025CompTrack: Information Bottleneck-Guided Low-Rank Dynamic Token Compression for Point Cloud Trackingcited by 9
- 2026FocusTrack: One-Stage Focus-and-Suppress Framework for 3D Point Cloud Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2023SpikeMOT: Event-based Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Motion Featurescited by 6
- 2023GLT-T++: Global-Local Transformer for 3D Siamese Tracking with Ranking Losscited by 4
- 2023Learning Spatial-Temporal Regularized Tensor Sparse RPCA for Background Subtractioncited by 4
- 2025Beyond Frame-wise Tracking: A Trajectory-based Paradigm for Efficient Point Cloud Trackingcited by 4
- 2024In Defense and Revival of Bayesian Filtering for Thermal Infrared Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2023Mobile Vision Transformer-based Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2023AViTMP: A Tracking-Specific Transformer for Single-Branch Visual Trackingcited by 2
- 2025CLDTracker: A Comprehensive Language Description for Visual Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 2
- 2026TourPhysics: Bringing Physics to World Models for Exploration and Manipulation from a Single Imagecited by 2
- 2022How to Track and Segment Fish without Human Annotations: A Self-Supervised Deep Learning Approachcited by 1
- 2023Accelerated Video Annotation driven by Deep Detector and Trackercited by 1
- 2023CARPE-ID: Continuously Adaptable Re-identification for Personalized Robot Assistancecited by 1
- 2024Adaptively Bypassing Vision Transformer Blocks for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 1
- 2025High Performance Space Debris Tracking in Complex Skylight Backgrounds with a Large-Scale Datasetcited by 1
- 2025MVTD: A Benchmark Dataset for Maritime Visual Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 1
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editingcited by 1
- 2026Leveraging Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Unsupervised Visual Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Green Object Tracker (GOT) without Offline Pre-trainingcited by 0
- 2024Beyond Traditional Single Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 0
- 2024Predicting the Best of N Visual Trackerscited by 0
- 2025Quaternion-Based Robust PCA for Efficient Moving Target Detection and Background Recovery in Color Videoscited by 0
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecturecited by 0
- 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Methodcited by 0
- 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Trackingcited by 0
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 0
- 2026TourPhysics: Bringing Physics to World Models for Exploration and Manipulation from a Single Image4 Sep 2026
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Leveraging Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Unsupervised Visual Object Tracking26 May 2026
- 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026FocusTrack: One-Stage Focus-and-Suppress Framework for 3D Point Cloud Object Tracking27 Feb 2026
- 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Method20 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baseline8 Dec 2025
- 2025CompTrack: Information Bottleneck-Guided Low-Rank Dynamic Token Compression for Point Cloud Tracking19 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Beyond Frame-wise Tracking: A Trajectory-based Paradigm for Efficient Point Cloud Tracking14 Sep 2025
33 more
- 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2025
- 2025Quaternion-Based Robust PCA for Efficient Moving Target Detection and Background Recovery in Color Videos26 Jul 2025
- 2025MVTD: A Benchmark Dataset for Maritime Visual Object Tracking3 Jun 2025
- 2025High Performance Space Debris Tracking in Complex Skylight Backgrounds with a Large-Scale Dataset3 Jun 2025
- 2025CLDTracker: A Comprehensive Language Description for Visual Tracking29 May 2025
- 2024Improving Visual Object Tracking through Visual Prompting27 Sep 2024
- 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Model20 Aug 2024
- 2024Predicting the Best of N Visual Trackers22 Jul 2024
- 2024Adaptively Bypassing Vision Transformer Blocks for Efficient Visual Tracking12 Jun 2024
- 2024Beyond Traditional Single Object Tracking: A Survey16 May 2024
- 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Tracking6 Mar 2024
- 2024In Defense and Revival of Bayesian Filtering for Thermal Infrared Object Tracking27 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards Category Unification of 3D Single Object Tracking on Point Clouds20 Jan 2024
- 2023Beyond Visual Cues: Synchronously Exploring Target-Centric Semantics for Vision-Language Tracking28 Nov 2023
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Tracking27 Nov 2023
- 2023AViTMP: A Tracking-Specific Transformer for Single-Branch Visual Tracking30 Oct 2023
- 2023CARPE-ID: Continuously Adaptable Re-identification for Personalized Robot Assistance30 Oct 2023
- 2023SpikeMOT: Event-based Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Motion Features29 Sep 2023
- 2023Learning Spatial-Temporal Regularized Tensor Sparse RPCA for Background Subtraction27 Sep 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Green Object Tracker (GOT) without Offline Pre-training16 Sep 2023
- 2023Mobile Vision Transformer-based Visual Object Tracking11 Sep 2023
- 2023Separable Self and Mixed Attention Transformers for Efficient Object Tracking7 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Vehicle-to-everything Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Collaborative Perception31 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Underwater Visual Tracking With a Large Scale Dataset and Image Enhancement30 Aug 2023
- 2023Cross-modal Orthogonal High-rank Augmentation for RGB-Event Transformer-trackers9 Jul 2023
- 2023OSP2B: One-Stage Point-to-Box Network for 3D Siamese Tracking23 Apr 2023
- 2023GLT-T++: Global-Local Transformer for 3D Siamese Tracking with Ranking Loss1 Apr 2023
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Tracking29 Mar 2023
- 2023Transformers in Single Object Tracking: An Experimental Survey23 Feb 2023
- 2023Accelerated Video Annotation driven by Deep Detector and Tracker19 Feb 2023
- 2022How to Track and Segment Fish without Human Annotations: A Self-Supervised Deep Learning Approach23 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Tracking11 Aug 2022
- 2022Siamese Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A Review and Comprehensive Analysis9 May 2022
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2023Cross-modal Orthogonal High-rank Augmentation for RGB-Event Transformer-trackerscited by 43
- 2023Towards Vehicle-to-everything Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Collaborative Perceptioncited by 38
- 2023Separable Self and Mixed Attention Transformers for Efficient Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
- 2023OSP2B: One-Stage Point-to-Box Network for 3D Siamese Trackingcited by 16
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
- 2024Towards Category Unification of 3D Single Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 13
- 2022Siamese Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A Review and Comprehensive Analysiscited by 11
- 2023Improving Underwater Visual Tracking With a Large Scale Dataset and Image Enhancementcited by 11
- 2023Transformers in Single Object Tracking: An Experimental Surveycited by 10
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026FocusTrack: One-Stage Focus-and-Suppress Framework for 3D Point Cloud Object Tracking27 Feb 2026
- 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Method20 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baseline8 Dec 2025
- 2025CompTrack: Information Bottleneck-Guided Low-Rank Dynamic Token Compression for Point Cloud Tracking19 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Beyond Frame-wise Tracking: A Trajectory-based Paradigm for Efficient Point Cloud Tracking14 Sep 2025
- 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2025
- 2025Quaternion-Based Robust PCA for Efficient Moving Target Detection and Background Recovery in Color Videos26 Jul 2025
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)