Gated-Attention Architectures for Task-Oriented Language Grounding
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Abstract (arXiv)
To perform tasks specified by natural language instructions, autonomous agents need to extract semantically meaningful representations of language and map it to visual elements and actions in the environment. This problem is called task-oriented language grounding. We propose an end-to-end trainable neural architecture for task-oriented language grounding in 3D environments which assumes no prior linguistic or perceptual knowledge and requires only raw pixels from the environment and the natural language instruction as input. The proposed model combines the image and text representations using a Gated-Attention mechanism and learns a policy to execute the natural language instruction using standard reinforcement and imitation learning methods. We show the effectiveness of the proposed model on unseen instructions as well as unseen maps, both quantitatively and qualitatively. We also introduce a novel environment based on a 3D game engine to simulate the challenges of task-oriented language grounding over a rich set of instructions and environment states.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Jun 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2018: 2; 2019: 0; 2020: 1; 2021: 28; 2022: 12; 2023: 15; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.
72 papers.
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- 2024NaVILA: Legged Robot Vision-Language-Action Model for Navigationcited by 201
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- 2021MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learningcited by 143
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- 2021A Persistent Spatial Semantic Representation for High-level Natural Language Instruction Executioncited by 91
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNavcited by 91
- 2018Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Rewardcited by 80
- 2021LTL2Action: Generalizing LTL Instructions for Multi-Task RLcited by 72
- 2023DoReMi: Grounding Language Model by Detecting and Recovering from Plan-Execution Misalignmentcited by 58
- 2022Training Language Models with Language Feedbackcited by 48
38 more
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- 2021Vision-Language Navigation: A Survey and Taxonomycited by 33
- 2023Context-Aware Planning and Environment-Aware Memory for Instruction Following Embodied Agentscited by 33
- 2022LISA: Learning Interpretable Skill Abstractions from Languagecited by 30
- 2023Distilling Internet-Scale Vision-Language Models into Embodied Agentscited by 30
- 2023LLF-Bench: Benchmark for Interactive Learning from Language Feedbackcited by 30
- 2018Following High-level Navigation Instructions on a Simulated Quadcopter with Imitation Learningcited by 27
- 2021LILA: Language-Informed Latent Actionscited by 27
- 2021Interactive Learning from Activity Descriptioncited by 26
- 2022Analyzing Generalization of Vision and Language Navigation to Unseen Outdoor Areascited by 24
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- 2021Multi-Modal Interaction Graph Convolutional Network for Temporal Language Localization in Videoscited by 16
- 2021Systematic Generalization on gSCAN: What is Nearly Solved and What is Next?cited by 15
- 2022Multimodal Dialog Systems with Dual Knowledge-enhanced Generative Pretrained Language Modelcited by 11
- 2024Loc4Plan: Locating Before Planning for Outdoor Vision and Language Navigationcited by 11
- 2021Agent-Centric Relation Graph for Object Visual Navigationcited by 10
- 2023CorNav: Autonomous Agent with Self-Corrected Planning for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 10
- 2023Self-driven Grounding: Large Language Model Agents with Automatical Language-aligned Skill Learningcited by 9
- 2024Multi-Modal Grounded Planning and Efficient Replanning For Learning Embodied Agents with A Few Examplescited by 9
- 2021M3L: Language-based Video Editing via Multi-Modal Multi-Level Transformerscited by 8
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- 2021Goal-Aware Cross-Entropy for Multi-Target Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2023Natural Language-conditioned Reinforcement Learning with Inside-out Task Language Development and Translationcited by 7
- 2021Learning Visual-Audio Representations for Voice-Controlled Robotscited by 5
- 2021Visually Grounded Concept Compositioncited by 5
- 2023Visual Hindsight Self-Imitation Learning for Interactive Navigationcited by 5
- 2025Ground-Compose-Reinforce: Grounding Language in Agentic Behaviours using Limited Datacited by 5
- 2020Combating False Negatives in Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 4
- 2021Reinforcement Learning of Implicit and Explicit Control Flow in Instructionscited by 4
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
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- 2025DAIL: Beyond Task Ambiguity for Language-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning22 Oct 2025
- 2025Ground-Compose-Reinforce: Grounding Language in Agentic Behaviours using Limited Data14 Jul 2025
- 2025Compositional Instruction Following with Language Models and Reinforcement Learning21 Jan 2025
- 2025Attribute-Based Robotic Grasping with Data-Efficient Adaptation4 Jan 2025
- 2024Multi-Modal Grounded Planning and Efficient Replanning For Learning Embodied Agents with A Few Examples23 Dec 2024
- 2024NaVILA: Legged Robot Vision-Language-Action Model for Navigation5 Dec 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Capabilities of Random Transformers6 Oct 2024
- 2024Loc4Plan: Locating Before Planning for Outdoor Vision and Language Navigation9 Aug 2024
38 more
- 2024BAGEL: Bootstrapping Agents by Guiding Exploration with Language12 Mar 2024
- 2024GLIDE-RL: Grounded Language Instruction through DEmonstration in RL3 Jan 2024
- 2023LLF-Bench: Benchmark for Interactive Learning from Language Feedback11 Dec 2023
- 2023Visual Hindsight Self-Imitation Learning for Interactive Navigation5 Dec 2023
- 2023Which way is `right'?: Uncovering limitations of Vision-and-Language Navigation model30 Nov 2023
- 2023Self-driven Grounding: Large Language Model Agents with Automatical Language-aligned Skill Learning4 Sep 2023
- 2023Language-Conditioned Change-point Detection to Identify Sub-Tasks in Robotics Domains1 Sep 2023
- 2023Context-Aware Planning and Environment-Aware Memory for Instruction Following Embodied Agents14 Aug 2023
- 2023DoReMi: Grounding Language Model by Detecting and Recovering from Plan-Execution Misalignment1 Jul 2023
- 2023Improving Long-Horizon Imitation Through Instruction Prediction21 Jun 2023
- 2023CorNav: Autonomous Agent with Self-Corrected Planning for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation17 Jun 2023
- 2023L-SA: Learning Under-Explored Targets in Multi-Target Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2023Conceptual Reinforcement Learning for Language-Conditioned Tasks9 Mar 2023
- 2023Natural Language-conditioned Reinforcement Learning with Inside-out Task Language Development and Translation18 Feb 2023
- 2023Read and Reap the Rewards: Learning to Play Atari with the Help of Instruction Manuals9 Feb 2023
- 2023Distilling Internet-Scale Vision-Language Models into Embodied Agents29 Jan 2023
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNav18 Jan 2023
- 2022Navigating to Objects in the Real World2 Dec 2022
- 2022Retrospectives on the Embodied AI Workshop13 Oct 2022
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions7 Sep 2022
- 2022Multimodal Dialog Systems with Dual Knowledge-enhanced Generative Pretrained Language Model16 Jul 2022
- 2022Compositional Generalization in Grounded Language Learning via Induced Model Sparsity6 Jul 2022
- 2022Fast Inference and Transfer of Compositional Task Structures for Few-shot Task Generalization25 May 2022
- 2022Training Language Models with Language Feedback29 Apr 2022
- 2022Brainish: Formalizing A Multimodal Language for Intelligence and Consciousness14 Apr 2022
- 2022Grounding Hindsight Instructions in Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning for Robotics8 Apr 2022
- 2022An Algebraic Approach to Learning and Grounding6 Apr 2022
- 2022Analyzing Generalization of Vision and Language Navigation to Unseen Outdoor Areas25 Mar 2022
- 2022LISA: Learning Interpretable Skill Abstractions from Language28 Feb 2022
- 2021Sparse-softmax: A Simpler and Faster Alternative Softmax Transformation23 Dec 2021
- 2021Feature-Attending Recurrent Modules for Generalization in Reinforcement Learning15 Dec 2021
- 2021Agent-Centric Relation Graph for Object Visual Navigation29 Nov 2021
- 2021LILA: Language-Informed Latent Actions5 Nov 2021
- 2021Goal-Aware Cross-Entropy for Multi-Target Reinforcement Learning25 Oct 2021
- 2021Multi-Modal Interaction Graph Convolutional Network for Temporal Language Localization in Videos12 Oct 2021
- 2021Learning to Follow Language Instructions with Compositional Policies9 Oct 2021
- 2021Visually Grounded Concept Composition29 Sep 2021
- 2021Systematic Generalization on gSCAN: What is Nearly Solved and What is Next?25 Sep 2021
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2024BAGEL: Bootstrapping Agents by Guiding Exploration with Languagecited by 34
- 2023CorNav: Autonomous Agent with Self-Corrected Planning for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 10
- 2024Multi-Modal Grounded Planning and Efficient Replanning For Learning Embodied Agents with A Few Examplescited by 9
- 2025Ground-Compose-Reinforce: Grounding Language in Agentic Behaviours using Limited Datacited by 5
- 2025Ground-Compose-Reinforce: Grounding Language in Agentic Behaviours using Limited Data14 Jul 2025
- 2024Multi-Modal Grounded Planning and Efficient Replanning For Learning Embodied Agents with A Few Examples23 Dec 2024
- 2024BAGEL: Bootstrapping Agents by Guiding Exploration with Language12 Mar 2024
- 2023CorNav: Autonomous Agent with Self-Corrected Planning for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation17 Jun 2023
- 2022LISA: Learning Interpretable Skill Abstractions from Languagecited by 30
- 2018Following High-level Navigation Instructions on a Simulated Quadcopter with Imitation Learningcited by 27
- 2023Visual Hindsight Self-Imitation Learning for Interactive Navigationcited by 5
- 2020Combating False Negatives in Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 4
- 2023Visual Hindsight Self-Imitation Learning for Interactive Navigation5 Dec 2023
- 2022LISA: Learning Interpretable Skill Abstractions from Language28 Feb 2022
- 2020Combating False Negatives in Adversarial Imitation Learning2 Feb 2020
- 2018Following High-level Navigation Instructions on a Simulated Quadcopter with Imitation Learning31 May 2018
- 2018Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Rewardcited by 80
- 2022Training Language Models with Language Feedbackcited by 48
- 2022Training Language Models with Language Feedback29 Apr 2022
- 2018Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Reward5 Jun 2018
- 2024NaVILA: Legged Robot Vision-Language-Action Model for Navigationcited by 201
- 2021Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning with Context-based Representationscited by 169
- 2021MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learningcited by 143
- 2021Learning Language-Conditioned Robot Behavior from Offline Data and Crowd-Sourced Annotationcited by 117
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
- 2022Navigating to Objects in the Real Worldcited by 104
- 2021A Persistent Spatial Semantic Representation for High-level Natural Language Instruction Executioncited by 91
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNavcited by 91
- 2021LTL2Action: Generalizing LTL Instructions for Multi-Task RLcited by 72
- 2022Retrospectives on the Embodied AI Workshopcited by 46
- 2023Read and Reap the Rewards: Learning to Play Atari with the Help of Instruction Manualscited by 45
- 2021Visual Navigation with Spatial Attentioncited by 43
- 2021Fast and Slow Learning of Recurrent Independent Mechanismscited by 36
12 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026RECAST: Recasting Vision-Language Semantics into an Actionable Cost Map for Robot Navigation26 Sep 2026
- 2026The Rise of Verbal Reinforcement Learning1 Sep 2026
- 2026A Vision for Multisensory Intelligence: Sensing, Science, and Synergy8 Jan 2026
- 2025DAIL: Beyond Task Ambiguity for Language-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning22 Oct 2025
- 2025Compositional Instruction Following with Language Models and Reinforcement Learning21 Jan 2025
- 2025Attribute-Based Robotic Grasping with Data-Efficient Adaptation4 Jan 2025
- 2024Algorithmic Capabilities of Random Transformers6 Oct 2024
- 2024Loc4Plan: Locating Before Planning for Outdoor Vision and Language Navigation9 Aug 2024
- 2024GLIDE-RL: Grounded Language Instruction through DEmonstration in RL3 Jan 2024
- 2023LLF-Bench: Benchmark for Interactive Learning from Language Feedback11 Dec 2023
- 2023Which way is `right'?: Uncovering limitations of Vision-and-Language Navigation model30 Nov 2023
- 2023Language-Conditioned Change-point Detection to Identify Sub-Tasks in Robotics Domains1 Sep 2023
12 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)