MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning multimodal representations involves integrating information from multiple heterogeneous sources of data. It is a challenging yet crucial area with numerous real-world applications in multimedia, affective computing, robotics, finance, human-computer interaction, and healthcare. Unfortunately, multimodal research has seen limited resources to study (1) generalization across domains and modalities, (2) complexity during training and inference, and (3) robustness to noisy and missing modalities. In order to accelerate progress towards understudied modalities and tasks while ensuring real-world robustness, we release MultiBench, a systematic and unified large-scale benchmark spanning 15 datasets, 10 modalities, 20 prediction tasks, and 6 research areas. MultiBench provides an automated end-to-end machine learning pipeline that simplifies and standardizes data loading, experimental setup, and model evaluation. To enable holistic evaluation, MultiBench offers a comprehensive methodology to assess (1) generalization, (2) time and space complexity, and (3) modality robustness. MultiBench introduces impactful challenges for future research, including scalability to large-scale multimodal datasets and robustness to realistic imperfections. To accompany this benchmark, we also provide a standardized implementation of 20 core approaches in multimodal learning. Simply applying methods proposed in different research areas can improve the state-of-the-art performance on 9/15 datasets. Therefore, MultiBench presents a milestone in unifying disjoint efforts in multimodal research and paves the way towards a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of multimodal models, all the while ensuring ease of use, accessibility, and reproducibility. MultiBench, our standardized code, and leaderboards are publicly available, will be regularly updated, and welcomes inputs from the community.
Key facts. Cited by 143 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 109 of its 190 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2021.
Builds on
109 of 190 references.
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50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 20; 2023: 25; 2024: 31; 2025: 43; 2026: 22.
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- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2023Perception Test: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Multimodal Video Modelscited by 310
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
- 2022Modality Competition: What Makes Joint Training of Multi-modal Network Fail in Deep Learning? (Provably)cited by 115
- 2024HourVideo: 1-Hour Video-Language Understandingcited by 110
- 2024Deep Multimodal Learning with Missing Modality: A Surveycited by 89
- 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Videos: A Surveycited by 85
- 2023Quantifying & Modeling Multimodal Interactions: An Information Decomposition Frameworkcited by 81
- 2023Factorized Contrastive Learning: Going Beyond Multi-view Redundancycited by 73
- 2023Boosting Multi-modal Model Performance with Adaptive Gradient Modulationcited by 71
- 2022See, Hear, and Feel: Smart Sensory Fusion for Robotic Manipulationcited by 61
- 2022Dynamic Multimodal Fusioncited by 54
38 more
- 2023On Uni-Modal Feature Learning in Supervised Multi-Modal Learningcited by 53
- 2023FedMultimodal: A Benchmark For Multimodal Federated Learningcited by 51
- 2023SimMMDG: A Simple and Effective Framework for Multi-modal Domain Generalizationcited by 48
- 2022The Modality Focusing Hypothesis: Towards Understanding Crossmodal Knowledge Distillationcited by 44
- 2022Make Acoustic and Visual Cues Matter: CH-SIMS v2.0 Dataset and AV-Mixup Consistent Modulecited by 43
- 2023BenchLMM: Benchmarking Cross-style Visual Capability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 41
- 2024What to align in multimodal contrastive learning?cited by 41
- 2022Geometric Multimodal Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 40
- 2024Diagnosing and Re-learning for Balanced Multimodal Learningcited by 40
- 2022MultiViz: Towards Visualizing and Understanding Multimodal Modelscited by 36
- 2022DIME: Fine-grained Interpretations of Multimodal Models via Disentangled Local Explanationscited by 34
- 2022High-Modality Multimodal Transformer: Quantifying Modality & Interaction Heterogeneity for High-Modality Representation Learningcited by 31
- 2021Multimodal Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction in Conversationscited by 30
- 2025I2MoE: Interpretable Multimodal Interaction-aware Mixture-of-Expertscited by 29
- 2025Understanding the Emergence of Multimodal Representation Alignmentcited by 28
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
- 2022i-Code: An Integrative and Composable Multimodal Learning Frameworkcited by 24
- 2022Robustness Analysis of Video-Language Models Against Visual and Language Perturbationscited by 23
- 2022Does a Technique for Building Multimodal Representation Matter? -- Comparative Analysiscited by 22
- 2024HEMM: Holistic Evaluation of Multimodal Foundation Modelscited by 21
- 2023Multimodal Learning Without Labeled Multimodal Data: Guarantees and Applicationscited by 20
- 2023AV-SUPERB: A Multi-Task Evaluation Benchmark for Audio-Visual Representation Modelscited by 19
- 2024Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Surveycited by 19
- 2023From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscapecited by 18
- 2025Adaptive Unimodal Regulation for Balanced Multimodal Information Acquisitioncited by 18
- 2024Quantifying and Enhancing Multi-modal Robustness with Modality Preferencecited by 16
- 2024Measuring Cross-Modal Interactions in Multimodal Modelscited by 16
- 2024IoT-LM: Large Multisensory Language Models for the Internet of Thingscited by 14
- 2024An Information Criterion for Controlled Disentanglement of Multimodal Datacited by 14
- 2024DevBench: A multimodal developmental benchmark for language learningcited by 13
- 2024Balancing Multimodal Training Through Game-Theoretic Regularizationcited by 13
- 2025To Align or Not to Align: Strategic Multimodal Representation Alignment for Optimal Performancecited by 12
- 2022SHAPE: An Unified Approach to Evaluate the Contribution and Cooperation of Individual Modalitiescited by 11
- 2024Debiased Multimodal Understanding for Human Language Sequencescited by 10
- 2025MAESTRO : Adaptive Sparse Attention and Robust Learning for Multimodal Dynamic Time Seriescited by 9
- 2021Cross-lingual Transfer for Speech Processing using Acoustic Language Similaritycited by 8
- 2023Harmonic-NAS: Hardware-Aware Multimodal Neural Architecture Search on Resource-constrained Devicescited by 8
- 2024Jointly Modeling Inter- & Intra-Modality Dependencies for Multi-modal Learningcited by 8
50 most cited of 143 All 143 (JSON)
- 2026Structured Latent Modeling for Supervised Multimodal Information Decomposition28 Sep 2026
- 2026SynCo: Learning Cross-Modal Synergy by Contrasting Interaction Residuals26 Sep 2026
- 2026Mitigating Strong-Modality Collapse in Multimodal Learning via Inverted Asymmetric Fusion27 Aug 2026
- 2026Fusion Anything: A Generalized Multimodal Foundation Model16 Aug 2026
- 2026Conformal Fusion Under Missing Modalities7 Aug 2026
- 2026MultiLoReFT: Decoupling Shared and Modality-Specific Subspaces in Multimodal Learning via Low-Rank Representation Fine-Tuning18 Jul 2026
- 2026General Incomplete Multimodal Learning via Dynamic Quality Perception8 Jul 2026
- 2026Does Role Specialization Matter for Explanation Faithfulness in Mixture-of-Experts?28 Jun 2026
- 2026An Attention-based Model for Robust Forecasting with Missing Modality11 Jun 2026
- 2026LongMoE: Longitudinal Multimodal Learning via Trajectory-Aware Mixture-of-Experts6 Jun 2026
- 2026GRAMformer: Any-Order Modality Interactions via Volumetric Multimodal Cross-Attention4 Jun 2026
- 2026OVA-IB: One vs All Information Bottleneck for Multi-Modal Alignment28 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Leveraging Self-Paced Curriculum Learning for Enhanced Modality Balance in Multimodal Conversational Emotion Recognition20 May 2026
- 2026SynIB: Informational Bottleneck for Maximizing Synergy in Multimodal Learning12 May 2026
- 2026Multimodal Deep Generative Model for Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Imbalance7 May 2026
- 2026Toward Structural Multimodal Representations: Specialization, Selection, and Sparsification via Mixture-of-Experts5 May 2026
- 2026Modality-Aware Zero-Shot Pruning and Sparse Attention for Efficient Multimodal Edge Inference10 Apr 2026
- 2026MissBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Affective Analysis under Imbalanced Missing Modalities10 Mar 2026
- 2026Feature-level Interaction Explanations in Multimodal Transformers4 Mar 2026
- 2026Characterizing the Predictive Impact of Modalities with Supervised Latent-Variable Modeling19 Feb 2026
- 2026Orthogonalized Multimodal Contrastive Learning with Asymmetric Masking for Structured Representations16 Feb 2026
- 2026A Vision for Multisensory Intelligence: Sensing, Science, and Synergy8 Jan 2026
- 2025Fusion or Confusion? Multimodal Complexity Is Not All You Need28 Dec 2025
- 2025Explainable Multimodal Regression via Information Decomposition26 Dec 2025
- 2025Benchmarking the Generality of Vision-Language-Action Models12 Dec 2025
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- 2025The More, the Merrier: Contrastive Fusion for Higher-Order Multimodal Alignment26 Nov 2025
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Robust Multimodal Adversarial Training22 Nov 2025
- 2025Multimodal Evaluation of Russian-language Architectures19 Nov 2025
- 2025To Align or Not to Align: Strategic Multimodal Representation Alignment for Optimal Performance15 Nov 2025
- 2025Calibrated Multimodal Representation Learning with Missing Modalities15 Nov 2025
- 2025MULTIBENCH++: A Unified and Comprehensive Multimodal Fusion Benchmarking Across Specialized Domains9 Nov 2025
- 2025MedM2T: A MultiModal Framework for Time-Aware Modeling with Electronic Health Record and Electrocardiogram Data31 Oct 2025
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- 2025DUAL-Bench: Measuring Over-Refusal and Robustness in Vision-Language Models12 Oct 2025
- 2025Partial Information Decomposition via Normalizing Flows in Latent Gaussian Distributions6 Oct 2025
- 2025Massively Multimodal Foundation Models: A Framework for Capturing Interactions with Specialized Mixture-of-Experts30 Sep 2025
- 2025MAESTRO : Adaptive Sparse Attention and Robust Learning for Multimodal Dynamic Time Series29 Sep 2025
- 2025InfMasking: Unleashing Synergistic Information by Contrastive Multimodal Interactions28 Sep 2025
- 2025Model Context Protocol for Vision Systems: Audit, Security, and Protocol Extensions26 Sep 2025
- 2025IndiSeek learns information-guided disentangled representations25 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph Coloring for Multi-Task Learning21 Sep 2025
- 2025AIM: Adaptive Intra-Network Modulation for Balanced Multimodal Learning27 Aug 2025
- 2025Processing and acquisition traces in visual encoders: What does CLIP know about your camera?14 Aug 2025
- 2025MANGO: Multimodal Attention-based Normalizing Flow Approach to Fusion Learning13 Aug 2025
- 2025T3SVFND: Towards an Evolving Fake News Detector for Emergencies with Test-time Training on Short Video Platforms27 Jul 2025
- 2025EPIC: Efficient Prompt Interaction for Text-Image Classification10 Jul 2025
- 2025Multimodal Representation Learning and Fusion25 Jun 2025
- 2025CFBenchmark-MM: Chinese Financial Assistant Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Model16 Jun 2025
50 newest of 143 All 143 (JSON)
- 2025I2MoE: Interpretable Multimodal Interaction-aware Mixture-of-Expertscited by 29
- 2023From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscapecited by 18
- 2025MAESTRO : Adaptive Sparse Attention and Robust Learning for Multimodal Dynamic Time Seriescited by 9
- 2025Massively Multimodal Foundation Models: A Framework for Capturing Interactions with Specialized Mixture-of-Expertscited by 4
- 2022Generalizing Multimodal Variational Methods to Setscited by 0
- 2026Toward Structural Multimodal Representations: Specialization, Selection, and Sparsification via Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
- 2026LongMoE: Longitudinal Multimodal Learning via Trajectory-Aware Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
- 2026Does Role Specialization Matter for Explanation Faithfulness in Mixture-of-Experts?cited by 0
- 2026Does Role Specialization Matter for Explanation Faithfulness in Mixture-of-Experts?28 Jun 2026
- 2026LongMoE: Longitudinal Multimodal Learning via Trajectory-Aware Mixture-of-Experts6 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Structural Multimodal Representations: Specialization, Selection, and Sparsification via Mixture-of-Experts5 May 2026
- 2025Massively Multimodal Foundation Models: A Framework for Capturing Interactions with Specialized Mixture-of-Experts30 Sep 2025
- 2025MAESTRO : Adaptive Sparse Attention and Robust Learning for Multimodal Dynamic Time Series29 Sep 2025
- 2025I2MoE: Interpretable Multimodal Interaction-aware Mixture-of-Experts25 May 2025
- 2023From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape18 Dec 2023
- 2022Generalizing Multimodal Variational Methods to Sets19 Dec 2022
- 2024Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Surveycited by 19
- 2024DevBench: A multimodal developmental benchmark for language learningcited by 13
- 2025DUAL-Bench: Measuring Over-Refusal and Robustness in Vision-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025CFBenchmark-MM: Chinese Financial Assistant Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 4
- 2023Understanding the Vulnerability of CLIP to Image Compressioncited by 3
- 2025Multimodal Evaluation of Russian-language Architecturescited by 1
- 2026Characterizing the Predictive Impact of Modalities with Supervised Latent-Variable Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Characterizing the Predictive Impact of Modalities with Supervised Latent-Variable Modeling19 Feb 2026
- 2025Multimodal Evaluation of Russian-language Architectures19 Nov 2025
- 2025DUAL-Bench: Measuring Over-Refusal and Robustness in Vision-Language Models12 Oct 2025
- 2025CFBenchmark-MM: Chinese Financial Assistant Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Model16 Jun 2025
- 2024Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Survey27 Jun 2024
- 2024DevBench: A multimodal developmental benchmark for language learning14 Jun 2024
- 2023Understanding the Vulnerability of CLIP to Image Compression23 Nov 2023
- 2023Perception Test: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Multimodal Video Modelscited by 310
- 2023BenchLMM: Benchmarking Cross-style Visual Capability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 41
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
- 2024Image First or Text First? Optimising the Sequencing of Modalities in Large Language Model Prompting and Reasoning Taskscited by 2
- 2024Image First or Text First? Optimising the Sequencing of Modalities in Large Language Model Prompting and Reasoning Tasks4 Oct 2024
- 2023BenchLMM: Benchmarking Cross-style Visual Capability of Large Multimodal Models5 Dec 2023
- 2023Perception Test: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Multimodal Video Models23 May 2023
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applications1 Feb 2023
- 2025Benchmarking the Generality of Vision-Language-Action Models12 Dec 2025
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
- 2022Modality Competition: What Makes Joint Training of Multi-modal Network Fail in Deep Learning? (Provably)cited by 115
- 2024HourVideo: 1-Hour Video-Language Understandingcited by 110
- 2024Deep Multimodal Learning with Missing Modality: A Surveycited by 89
- 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Videos: A Surveycited by 85
- 2023Quantifying & Modeling Multimodal Interactions: An Information Decomposition Frameworkcited by 81
- 2023Factorized Contrastive Learning: Going Beyond Multi-view Redundancycited by 73
- 2023Boosting Multi-modal Model Performance with Adaptive Gradient Modulationcited by 71
- 2022See, Hear, and Feel: Smart Sensory Fusion for Robotic Manipulationcited by 61
- 2022Dynamic Multimodal Fusioncited by 54
- 2023On Uni-Modal Feature Learning in Supervised Multi-Modal Learningcited by 53
12 most cited of 119 All 119 (JSON)
- 2026Structured Latent Modeling for Supervised Multimodal Information Decomposition28 Sep 2026
- 2026SynCo: Learning Cross-Modal Synergy by Contrasting Interaction Residuals26 Sep 2026
- 2026Mitigating Strong-Modality Collapse in Multimodal Learning via Inverted Asymmetric Fusion27 Aug 2026
- 2026Fusion Anything: A Generalized Multimodal Foundation Model16 Aug 2026
- 2026Conformal Fusion Under Missing Modalities7 Aug 2026
- 2026MultiLoReFT: Decoupling Shared and Modality-Specific Subspaces in Multimodal Learning via Low-Rank Representation Fine-Tuning18 Jul 2026
- 2026General Incomplete Multimodal Learning via Dynamic Quality Perception8 Jul 2026
- 2026An Attention-based Model for Robust Forecasting with Missing Modality11 Jun 2026
- 2026GRAMformer: Any-Order Modality Interactions via Volumetric Multimodal Cross-Attention4 Jun 2026
- 2026OVA-IB: One vs All Information Bottleneck for Multi-Modal Alignment28 May 2026
- 2026Leveraging Self-Paced Curriculum Learning for Enhanced Modality Balance in Multimodal Conversational Emotion Recognition20 May 2026
- 2026SynIB: Informational Bottleneck for Maximizing Synergy in Multimodal Learning12 May 2026
12 newest of 119 All 119 (JSON)