mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learning

arXiv 2107.07502 ↗First posted 15 Jul 2021cs.LG cs.AI cs.CLcited by 143

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Abstract (arXiv)

Learning multimodal representations involves integrating information from multiple heterogeneous sources of data. It is a challenging yet crucial area with numerous real-world applications in multimedia, affective computing, robotics, finance, human-computer interaction, and healthcare. Unfortunately, multimodal research has seen limited resources to study (1) generalization across domains and modalities, (2) complexity during training and inference, and (3) robustness to noisy and missing modalities. In order to accelerate progress towards understudied modalities and tasks while ensuring real-world robustness, we release MultiBench, a systematic and unified large-scale benchmark spanning 15 datasets, 10 modalities, 20 prediction tasks, and 6 research areas. MultiBench provides an automated end-to-end machine learning pipeline that simplifies and standardizes data loading, experimental setup, and model evaluation. To enable holistic evaluation, MultiBench offers a comprehensive methodology to assess (1) generalization, (2) time and space complexity, and (3) modality robustness. MultiBench introduces impactful challenges for future research, including scalability to large-scale multimodal datasets and robustness to realistic imperfections. To accompany this benchmark, we also provide a standardized implementation of 20 core approaches in multimodal learning. Simply applying methods proposed in different research areas can improve the state-of-the-art performance on 9/15 datasets. Therefore, MultiBench presents a milestone in unifying disjoint efforts in multimodal research and paves the way towards a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of multimodal models, all the while ensuring ease of use, accessibility, and reproducibility. MultiBench, our standardized code, and leaderboards are publicly available, will be regularly updated, and welcomes inputs from the community.

Key facts. Cited by 143 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 109 of its 190 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2021.

Builds on

109 of 190 references.

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50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 20; 2023: 25; 2024: 31; 2025: 43; 2026: 22.

143 papers.

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  1. 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
  2. 2023Perception Test: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Multimodal Video Modelscited by 310
  3. 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
  4. 2022Modality Competition: What Makes Joint Training of Multi-modal Network Fail in Deep Learning? (Provably)cited by 115
  5. 2024HourVideo: 1-Hour Video-Language Understandingcited by 110
  6. 2024Deep Multimodal Learning with Missing Modality: A Surveycited by 89
  7. 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Videos: A Surveycited by 85
  8. 2023Quantifying & Modeling Multimodal Interactions: An Information Decomposition Frameworkcited by 81
  9. 2023Factorized Contrastive Learning: Going Beyond Multi-view Redundancycited by 73
  10. 2023Boosting Multi-modal Model Performance with Adaptive Gradient Modulationcited by 71
  11. 2022See, Hear, and Feel: Smart Sensory Fusion for Robotic Manipulationcited by 61
  12. 2022Dynamic Multimodal Fusioncited by 54
38 more
  1. 2023On Uni-Modal Feature Learning in Supervised Multi-Modal Learningcited by 53
  2. 2023FedMultimodal: A Benchmark For Multimodal Federated Learningcited by 51
  3. 2023SimMMDG: A Simple and Effective Framework for Multi-modal Domain Generalizationcited by 48
  4. 2022The Modality Focusing Hypothesis: Towards Understanding Crossmodal Knowledge Distillationcited by 44
  5. 2022Make Acoustic and Visual Cues Matter: CH-SIMS v2.0 Dataset and AV-Mixup Consistent Modulecited by 43
  6. 2023BenchLMM: Benchmarking Cross-style Visual Capability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 41
  7. 2024What to align in multimodal contrastive learning?cited by 41
  8. 2022Geometric Multimodal Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 40
  9. 2024Diagnosing and Re-learning for Balanced Multimodal Learningcited by 40
  10. 2022MultiViz: Towards Visualizing and Understanding Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  11. 2022DIME: Fine-grained Interpretations of Multimodal Models via Disentangled Local Explanationscited by 34
  12. 2022High-Modality Multimodal Transformer: Quantifying Modality & Interaction Heterogeneity for High-Modality Representation Learningcited by 31
  13. 2021Multimodal Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction in Conversationscited by 30
  14. 2025I2MoE: Interpretable Multimodal Interaction-aware Mixture-of-Expertscited by 29
  15. 2025Understanding the Emergence of Multimodal Representation Alignmentcited by 28
  16. 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
  17. 2022i-Code: An Integrative and Composable Multimodal Learning Frameworkcited by 24
  18. 2022Robustness Analysis of Video-Language Models Against Visual and Language Perturbationscited by 23
  19. 2022Does a Technique for Building Multimodal Representation Matter? -- Comparative Analysiscited by 22
  20. 2024HEMM: Holistic Evaluation of Multimodal Foundation Modelscited by 21
  21. 2023Multimodal Learning Without Labeled Multimodal Data: Guarantees and Applicationscited by 20
  22. 2023AV-SUPERB: A Multi-Task Evaluation Benchmark for Audio-Visual Representation Modelscited by 19
  23. 2024Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Surveycited by 19
  24. 2023From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscapecited by 18
  25. 2025Adaptive Unimodal Regulation for Balanced Multimodal Information Acquisitioncited by 18
  26. 2024Quantifying and Enhancing Multi-modal Robustness with Modality Preferencecited by 16
  27. 2024Measuring Cross-Modal Interactions in Multimodal Modelscited by 16
  28. 2024IoT-LM: Large Multisensory Language Models for the Internet of Thingscited by 14
  29. 2024An Information Criterion for Controlled Disentanglement of Multimodal Datacited by 14
  30. 2024DevBench: A multimodal developmental benchmark for language learningcited by 13
  31. 2024Balancing Multimodal Training Through Game-Theoretic Regularizationcited by 13
  32. 2025To Align or Not to Align: Strategic Multimodal Representation Alignment for Optimal Performancecited by 12
  33. 2022SHAPE: An Unified Approach to Evaluate the Contribution and Cooperation of Individual Modalitiescited by 11
  34. 2024Debiased Multimodal Understanding for Human Language Sequencescited by 10
  35. 2025MAESTRO : Adaptive Sparse Attention and Robust Learning for Multimodal Dynamic Time Seriescited by 9
  36. 2021Cross-lingual Transfer for Speech Processing using Acoustic Language Similaritycited by 8
  37. 2023Harmonic-NAS: Hardware-Aware Multimodal Neural Architecture Search on Resource-constrained Devicescited by 8
  38. 2024Jointly Modeling Inter- & Intra-Modality Dependencies for Multi-modal Learningcited by 8

50 most cited of 143 All 143 (JSON)