3D Face Morphable Models "In-the-Wild"
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D Morphable Models (3DMMs) are powerful statistical models of 3D facial shape and texture, and among the state-of-the-art methods for reconstructing facial shape from single images. With the advent of new 3D sensors, many 3D facial datasets have been collected containing both neutral as well as expressive faces. However, all datasets are captured under controlled conditions. Thus, even though powerful 3D facial shape models can be learnt from such data, it is difficult to build statistical texture models that are sufficient to reconstruct faces captured in unconstrained conditions ("in-the-wild"). In this paper, we propose the first, to the best of our knowledge, "in-the-wild" 3DMM by combining a powerful statistical model of facial shape, which describes both identity and expression, with an "in-the-wild" texture model. We show that the employment of such an "in-the-wild" texture model greatly simplifies the fitting procedure, because there is no need to optimize with regards to the illumination parameters. Furthermore, we propose a new fast algorithm for fitting the 3DMM in arbitrary images. Finally, we have captured the first 3D facial database with relatively unconstrained conditions and report quantitative evaluations with state-of-the-art performance. Complementary qualitative reconstruction results are demonstrated on standard "in-the-wild" facial databases. An open source implementation of our technique is released as part of the Menpo Project.
Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jan 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 11; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.
44 papers.
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- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesiscited by 81
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 73
- 2023A Hierarchical Representation Network for Accurate and Detailed Face Reconstruction from In-The-Wild Imagescited by 43
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatarscited by 38
- 2021Normalized Avatar Synthesis Using StyleGAN and Perceptual Refinementcited by 36
- 2022Text and Image Guided 3D Avatar Generation and Manipulationcited by 35
- 2021FaceScape: 3D Facial Dataset and Benchmark for Single-View 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 34
- 2021Fast-GANFIT: Generative Adversarial Network for High Fidelity 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 33
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Imagecited by 31
- 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generationcited by 22
32 more
- 2025InsTaG: Learning Personalized 3D Talking Head from Few-Second Videocited by 18
- 2021Inverting Generative Adversarial Renderer for Face Reconstructioncited by 17
- 2021Self-Supervised 3D Face Reconstruction via Conditional Estimationcited by 17
- 2023Zero-Shot Text-to-Parameter Translation for Game Character Auto-Creationcited by 15
- 20223DMM-RF: Convolutional Radiance Fields for 3D Face Modelingcited by 10
- 2023DPHMs: Diffusion Parametric Head Models for Depth-based Trackingcited by 10
- 2021SIDER: Single-Image Neural Optimization for Facial Geometric Detail Recoverycited by 9
- 2022PhoMoH: Implicit Photorealistic 3D Models of Human Headscited by 7
- 20213D human tongue reconstruction from single "in-the-wild" imagescited by 5
- 2024Locally Adaptive Neural 3D Morphable Modelscited by 5
- 2022FaceTopoNet: Facial Expression Recognition using Face Topology Learningcited by 4
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Photo-realistic Texture Generation for 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2023Head3D: Complete 3D Head Generation via Tri-plane Feature Distillationcited by 3
- 2023FLAME-based Multi-View 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2026FaceRefiner: High-Fidelity Facial Texture Refinement with Differentiable Rendering-based Style Transfercited by 3
- 20223D Dense Face Alignment with Fused Features by Aggregating CNNs and GCNscited by 2
- 2021A Review of 3D Face Reconstruction From a Single Imagecited by 1
- 2021Learning to Deblur and Rotate Motion-Blurred Facescited by 1
- 2022Dynamic Neural Portraitscited by 1
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognitioncited by 1
- 20252D-3D Attention and Entropy for Pose Robust 2D Facial Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topologycited by 1
- 2022Parametric Reshaping of Portraits in Videoscited by 0
- 2023Accurate Gaze Estimation using an Active-gaze Morphable Modelcited by 0
- 2023IFaceUV: Intuitive Motion Facial Image Generation by Identity Preservation via UV mapcited by 0
- 2024Robust 3D Face Alignment with Multi-Path Neural Architecture Searchcited by 0
- 2024Identity-Preserving Pose-Guided Character Animation via Facial Landmarks Transformationcited by 0
- 2025Hierarchical MLANet: Multi-level Attention for 3D Face Reconstruction From Single Imagescited by 0
- 2025MSMA: Multi-Scale Feature Fusion For Multi-Attribute 3D Face Reconstruction From Unconstrained Imagescited by 0
- 2026Revisiting an Old Perspective Projection for Monocular 3D Morphable Models Regressioncited by 0
- 2026TOPOS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Industry-Grade 3D Head Generationcited by 0
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Trackingcited by 0
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026TOPOS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Industry-Grade 3D Head Generation14 May 2026
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topology6 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting an Old Perspective Projection for Monocular 3D Morphable Models Regression5 Mar 2026
- 2026FaceRefiner: High-Fidelity Facial Texture Refinement with Differentiable Rendering-based Style Transfer8 Jan 2026
- 2025MSMA: Multi-Scale Feature Fusion For Multi-Attribute 3D Face Reconstruction From Unconstrained Images15 Sep 2025
- 2025Hierarchical MLANet: Multi-level Attention for 3D Face Reconstruction From Single Images12 Sep 2025
- 20252D-3D Attention and Entropy for Pose Robust 2D Facial Recognition14 May 2025
- 2025InsTaG: Learning Personalized 3D Talking Head from Few-Second Video27 Feb 2025
- 2024Identity-Preserving Pose-Guided Character Animation via Facial Landmarks Transformation12 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust 3D Face Alignment with Multi-Path Neural Architecture Search12 Jun 2024
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesis5 Apr 2024
32 more
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidance28 Jan 2024
- 2024Locally Adaptive Neural 3D Morphable Models5 Jan 2024
- 2023DPHMs: Diffusion Parametric Head Models for Depth-based Tracking2 Dec 2023
- 2023FLAME-based Multi-View 3D Face Reconstruction15 Aug 2023
- 2023IFaceUV: Intuitive Motion Facial Image Generation by Identity Preservation via UV map8 Jun 2023
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatars16 May 2023
- 2023Head3D: Complete 3D Head Generation via Tri-plane Feature Distillation28 Mar 2023
- 2023Zero-Shot Text-to-Parameter Translation for Game Character Auto-Creation2 Mar 2023
- 2023A Hierarchical Representation Network for Accurate and Detailed Face Reconstruction from In-The-Wild Images28 Feb 2023
- 2023Accurate Gaze Estimation using an Active-gaze Morphable Model30 Jan 2023
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognition26 Dec 2022
- 2022PhoMoH: Implicit Photorealistic 3D Models of Human Heads14 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Models6 Dec 2022
- 2022Dynamic Neural Portraits25 Nov 2022
- 20223DMM-RF: Convolutional Radiance Fields for 3D Face Modeling15 Sep 2022
- 2022FaceTopoNet: Facial Expression Recognition using Face Topology Learning13 Sep 2022
- 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generation12 Sep 2022
- 2022Parametric Reshaping of Portraits in Videos5 May 2022
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Image7 Apr 2022
- 20223D Dense Face Alignment with Fused Features by Aggregating CNNs and GCNs9 Mar 2022
- 2022Text and Image Guided 3D Avatar Generation and Manipulation12 Feb 2022
- 2021Learning to Deblur and Rotate Motion-Blurred Faces14 Dec 2021
- 2021FaceScape: 3D Facial Dataset and Benchmark for Single-View 3D Face Reconstruction1 Nov 2021
- 2021A Review of 3D Face Reconstruction From a Single Image13 Oct 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised 3D Face Reconstruction via Conditional Estimation10 Oct 2021
- 2021SIDER: Single-Image Neural Optimization for Facial Geometric Detail Recovery11 Aug 2021
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction26 Jul 2021
- 20213D human tongue reconstruction from single "in-the-wild" images23 Jun 2021
- 2021Normalized Avatar Synthesis Using StyleGAN and Perceptual Refinement21 Jun 2021
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Photo-realistic Texture Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction14 Jun 2021
- 2021Fast-GANFIT: Generative Adversarial Network for High Fidelity 3D Face Reconstruction16 May 2021
- 2021Inverting Generative Adversarial Renderer for Face Reconstruction6 May 2021
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Trackingcited by 0
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesiscited by 81
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 73
- 2023A Hierarchical Representation Network for Accurate and Detailed Face Reconstruction from In-The-Wild Imagescited by 43
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatarscited by 38
- 2021Normalized Avatar Synthesis Using StyleGAN and Perceptual Refinementcited by 36
- 2022Text and Image Guided 3D Avatar Generation and Manipulationcited by 35
- 2021FaceScape: 3D Facial Dataset and Benchmark for Single-View 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 34
- 2021Fast-GANFIT: Generative Adversarial Network for High Fidelity 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 33
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Imagecited by 31
- 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generationcited by 22
12 most cited of 43 All 43 (JSON)
- 2026TOPOS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Industry-Grade 3D Head Generation14 May 2026
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topology6 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting an Old Perspective Projection for Monocular 3D Morphable Models Regression5 Mar 2026
- 2026FaceRefiner: High-Fidelity Facial Texture Refinement with Differentiable Rendering-based Style Transfer8 Jan 2026
- 2025MSMA: Multi-Scale Feature Fusion For Multi-Attribute 3D Face Reconstruction From Unconstrained Images15 Sep 2025
- 2025Hierarchical MLANet: Multi-level Attention for 3D Face Reconstruction From Single Images12 Sep 2025
- 20252D-3D Attention and Entropy for Pose Robust 2D Facial Recognition14 May 2025
- 2025InsTaG: Learning Personalized 3D Talking Head from Few-Second Video27 Feb 2025
- 2024Identity-Preserving Pose-Guided Character Animation via Facial Landmarks Transformation12 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust 3D Face Alignment with Multi-Path Neural Architecture Search12 Jun 2024
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesis5 Apr 2024
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidance28 Jan 2024
12 newest of 43 All 43 (JSON)