Causal Bandits: Learning Good Interventions via Causal Inference
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Abstract (arXiv)
We study the problem of using causal models to improve the rate at which good interventions can be learned online in a stochastic environment. Our formalism combines multi-arm bandits and causal inference to model a novel type of bandit feedback that is not exploited by existing approaches. We propose a new algorithm that exploits the causal feedback and prove a bound on its simple regret that is strictly better (in all quantities) than algorithms that do not use the additional causal information.
Key facts. Cited by 100 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 18; 2023: 22; 2024: 18; 2025: 15; 2026: 12.
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- 2022Causal Structure Learning: a Combinatorial Perspectivecited by 46
- 2023A Survey on Causal Reinforcement Learningcited by 43
- 2021Causal Bandits with Unknown Graph Structurecited by 37
- 2022Active Learning for Optimal Intervention Design in Causal Modelscited by 30
- 2022Model-based Causal Bayesian Optimizationcited by 26
- 2023Designing Decision Support Systems Using Counterfactual Prediction Setscited by 26
- 2022Hindsight Learning for MDPs with Exogenous Inputscited by 25
- 2022Revisiting Simple Regret: Fast Rates for Returning a Good Armcited by 25
- 2022Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithmscited by 23
- 2023Causal Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 22
- 2023Causal Deep Learningcited by 20
- 2022Causal Bandits for Linear Structural Equation Modelscited by 19
38 more
- 2022Adaptively Exploiting d-Separators with Causal Banditscited by 18
- 2021Invariant Policy Learning: A Causal Perspectivecited by 17
- 2021Dynamic Causal Bayesian Optimizationcited by 17
- 2022Fairness and Welfare Quantification for Regret in Multi-Armed Banditscited by 17
- 2021Matching a Desired Causal State via Shift Interventionscited by 16
- 2022Combinatorial Causal Banditscited by 16
- 2021A Causal Bandit Approach to Learning Good Atomic Interventions in Presence of Unobserved Confounderscited by 15
- 2021Achieving Counterfactual Fairness for Causal Banditcited by 15
- 2022A Relational Intervention Approach for Unsupervised Dynamics Generalization in Model-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 15
- 2021On Covariate Shift of Latent Confounders in Imitation and Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
- 2022Survey on Fair Reinforcement Learning: Theory and Practicecited by 14
- 2022Causal Entropy Optimizationcited by 13
- 2021Bandit Algorithms for Precision Medicinecited by 12
- 2023Causal Bandits without Graph Learningcited by 10
- 2023Additive Causal Bandits with Unknown Graphcited by 10
- 2022Combinatorial Pure Exploration of Causal Banditscited by 9
- 2021Operationalizing Complex Causes: A Pragmatic View of Mediationcited by 8
- 2021Causal Markov Decision Processes: Learning Good Interventions Efficientlycited by 7
- 2023Combinatorial Causal Bandits without Graph Skeletoncited by 7
- 2023Intervention Generalization: A View from Factor Graph Modelscited by 7
- 2024Causal Bandits with General Causal Models and Interventionscited by 7
- 2023Competing for Shareable Arms in Multi-Player Multi-Armed Banditscited by 6
- 2023Constrained Causal Bayesian Optimizationcited by 6
- 2023Learning Good Interventions in Causal Graphs via Coveringcited by 5
- 2023Functional Causal Bayesian Optimizationcited by 5
- 2023Exploiting Causal Graph Priors with Posterior Sampling for Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2024Causality from Bottom to Top: A Surveycited by 5
- 2024Causally Abstracted Multi-armed Banditscited by 5
- 2024Adaptive Experimentation When You Can't Experimentcited by 5
- 2024Partially Observable Contextual Bandits with Linear Payoffscited by 5
- 2024Best Arm Identification with Minimal Regretcited by 5
- 2024Linear Causal Bandits: Unknown Graph and Soft Interventionscited by 5
- 2024Partial Structure Discovery is Sufficient for No-regret Learning in Causal Banditscited by 5
- 2025Graph-Dependent Regret Bounds in Multi-Armed Bandits with Interferencecited by 5
- 2022Linear Combinatorial Semi-Bandit with Causally Related Rewardscited by 4
- 2023Robust Causal Bandits for Linear Modelscited by 4
- 2024Confounded Budgeted Causal Banditscited by 4
- 2024Counterfactual Influence in Markov Decision Processescited by 4
50 most cited of 100 All 100 (JSON)
- 2026Minimax Optimal Regret for Causal Logistic Bandits with Counterfactual Fairness1 Oct 2026
- 2026On the Identifiability of Mixed Ordinal and Exponential Family Causal DAGs under Linear Parametric Models16 Sep 2026
- 2026Gated Decoupled Compositional Bandits: A Unified Theory of Contextual Bandits with Supervised-Calibrated Action Scaling and Pre-Execution Gating22 Aug 2026
- 2026CausalNav: Reliability-Certified Causal World Models for Control under Physical-Parameter Shift7 Aug 2026
- 2026Information-Directed Sampling for Causal Bandits17 Jul 2026
- 2026Contextual Procurement Auctions with Bandit Learning7 Jul 2026
- 2026Fixed-Confidence Best-Arm Identification for Causal Mediation Analysis5 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Context Selection Improves Simple Regret in Contextual Bandits19 May 2026
- 2026Non-Parametric Rehearsal Learning via Conditional Mean Embeddings9 May 2026
- 2026Integrating Causal DAGs in Deep RL: Activating Minimal Markovian States with Multi-Order Exposure8 May 2026
- 2026Epistemic Regret Minimization: Label-Free Causal Critique Beyond Outcome Reward12 Feb 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Contextual Uplift Bandits for Catalog Personalization20 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025Unifying Causal Reinforcement Learning: Survey, Taxonomy, Algorithms and Applications19 Dec 2025
- 2025On Transportability for Structural Causal Bandits22 Nov 2025
- 2025Power Constrained Nonstationary Bandits with Habituation and Recovery Dynamics4 Nov 2025
- 2025Last-Iterate Analyses of FTRL with the 1/2-Tsallis Entropy in Stochastic Bandits26 Oct 2025
- 2025Graph Learning Is Suboptimal in Causal Bandits19 Oct 2025
- 2025DODO: Causal Structure Learning with Budgeted Interventions9 Oct 2025
- 2025Using causal abstractions to accelerate decision-making in complex bandit problems4 Sep 2025
- 2025Evaluating and Learning Robust Bandit Policies Under Uncertain Causal Mechanisms4 Aug 2025
- 2025Generator-Mediated Bandits: Thompson Sampling for GenAI-Powered Adaptive Interventions22 May 2025
- 2025Estimating Causal Effects in Networks with Cluster-Based Bandits7 May 2025
- 2025Causal Bayesian Optimization with Unknown Graphs25 Mar 2025
- 2025Graph-Dependent Regret Bounds in Multi-Armed Bandits with Interference10 Mar 2025
- 2025Transfer Learning in Latent Contextual Bandits with Covariate Shift Through Causal Transportability27 Feb 2025
- 2025The Minimal Search Space for Conditional Causal Bandits10 Feb 2025
- 2025Causal Bandit Over Unknown Graphs: Upper Confidence Bounds With Backdoor Adjustment4 Feb 2025
- 2024Partial Structure Discovery is Sufficient for No-regret Learning in Causal Bandits6 Nov 2024
- 2024Linear Causal Bandits: Unknown Graph and Soft Interventions4 Nov 2024
- 2024Best Arm Identification with Minimal Regret27 Sep 2024
- 2024Partially Observable Contextual Bandits with Linear Payoffs17 Sep 2024
- 2024The Importance of Causality in Decision Making: A Perspective on Recommender Systems16 Sep 2024
- 2024Asymmetric Graph Error Control with Low Complexity in Causal Bandits20 Aug 2024
- 2024Identifiable Latent Bandits: Leveraging observational data for personalized decision-making23 Jul 2024
- 2024Causal Bandits: The Pareto Optimal Frontier of Adaptivity, a Reduction to Linear Bandits, and Limitations around Unknown Marginals1 Jul 2024
- 2024Adaptive Experimentation When You Can't Experiment15 Jun 2024
- 2024Causal Contextual Bandits with Adaptive Context28 May 2024
- 2024Improved Bound for Robust Causal Bandits with Linear Models13 May 2024
- 2024Causally Abstracted Multi-armed Bandits26 Apr 2024
- 2024PPA-Game: Characterizing and Learning Competitive Dynamics Among Online Content Creators22 Mar 2024
- 2024Causality from Bottom to Top: A Survey17 Mar 2024
- 2024Why Online Reinforcement Learning is Causal7 Mar 2024
- 2024Causal Bandits with General Causal Models and Interventions1 Mar 2024
- 2024Counterfactual Influence in Markov Decision Processes13 Feb 2024
- 2024Confounded Budgeted Causal Bandits15 Jan 2024
- 2023Incentive-Aware Synthetic Control: Accurate Counterfactual Estimation via Incentivized Exploration26 Dec 2023
- 2023Best Arm Identification in Batched Multi-armed Bandit Problems21 Dec 2023
- 2023Robust Causal Bandits for Linear Models30 Oct 2023
- 2023Exploiting Causal Graph Priors with Posterior Sampling for Reinforcement Learning11 Oct 2023
- 2023Optimal Observation-Intervention Trade-Off in Optimisation Problems with Causal Structure5 Sep 2023
50 newest of 100 All 100 (JSON)
- 2022Causal Structure Learning: a Combinatorial Perspectivecited by 46
- 2023A Survey on Causal Reinforcement Learningcited by 43
- 2021Causal Bandits with Unknown Graph Structurecited by 37
- 2022Active Learning for Optimal Intervention Design in Causal Modelscited by 30
- 2022Model-based Causal Bayesian Optimizationcited by 26
- 2023Designing Decision Support Systems Using Counterfactual Prediction Setscited by 26
- 2022Hindsight Learning for MDPs with Exogenous Inputscited by 25
- 2022Revisiting Simple Regret: Fast Rates for Returning a Good Armcited by 25
- 2022Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithmscited by 23
- 2023Causal Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 22
- 2023Causal Deep Learningcited by 20
- 2022Causal Bandits for Linear Structural Equation Modelscited by 19
12 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2026Minimax Optimal Regret for Causal Logistic Bandits with Counterfactual Fairness1 Oct 2026
- 2026On the Identifiability of Mixed Ordinal and Exponential Family Causal DAGs under Linear Parametric Models16 Sep 2026
- 2026Information-Directed Sampling for Causal Bandits17 Jul 2026
- 2026Contextual Procurement Auctions with Bandit Learning7 Jul 2026
- 2026Fixed-Confidence Best-Arm Identification for Causal Mediation Analysis5 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Context Selection Improves Simple Regret in Contextual Bandits19 May 2026
- 2026Non-Parametric Rehearsal Learning via Conditional Mean Embeddings9 May 2026
- 2026Integrating Causal DAGs in Deep RL: Activating Minimal Markovian States with Multi-Order Exposure8 May 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Contextual Uplift Bandits for Catalog Personalization20 Jan 2026
- 2025Unifying Causal Reinforcement Learning: Survey, Taxonomy, Algorithms and Applications19 Dec 2025
- 2025On Transportability for Structural Causal Bandits22 Nov 2025
- 2025Power Constrained Nonstationary Bandits with Habituation and Recovery Dynamics4 Nov 2025
12 newest of 95 All 95 (JSON)