mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

WildClawBench: A Benchmark for Real-World, Long-Horizon Agent Evaluation

arXiv 2605.10912 ↗First posted 11 May 2026cs.CLcited by 37

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language and vision-language models increasingly power agents that act on a user's behalf through command-line interface (CLI) harnesses. However, most agent benchmarks still rely on synthetic sandboxes, short-horizon tasks, mock-service APIs, and final-answer checks, leaving open whether agents can complete realistic long-horizon work in the runtimes where they are deployed. This work presents WildClawBench, a native-runtime benchmark of 60 human-authored, bilingual, multimodal tasks spanning six thematic categories. Each task averages roughly 8 minutes of wall-clock time and over 20 tool calls, and runs inside a reproducible Docker container hosting an actual CLI agent harness (OpenClaw, Claude Code, Codex, or Hermes Agent) with access to real tools rather than mock services. Grading is hybrid, combining deterministic rule-based checks, environment-state auditing of side effects, and an LLM/VLM judge for semantic verification. Across 19 frontier models, the best, Claude Opus 4.7, reaches only 62.2% overall under OpenClaw, while every other model stays below 60%, and switching harness alone shifts a single model by up to 18 points. These results show that long-horizon, native-runtime agent evaluation remains a far-from-resolved task for current frontier models. We release the tasks, code, and containerized tooling to support reproducible evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 35 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2026.

Builds on

35 of 52 references.

Closest ancestors · 6

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026Claw-Eval: Towards Trustworthy Evaluation of Autonomous Agents7 Apr
  2. 2025OdysseyBench: Evaluating LLM Agents on Long-Horizon Complex Office Application Workflows12 Aug
  3. 2024TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real World Tasks18 Dec
  4. 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains17 Jun
  5. 2024Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A survey5 Feb
  6. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents7 Aug

Other references · 29

  1. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
  2. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
  3. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,373
  4. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 2,006
  5. 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
  6. 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIscited by 1,947
  7. 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,737
  8. 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
  9. 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,195
  10. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,128
  11. 2024The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discoverycited by 1,071
  12. 2026DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligencecited by 1,040
17 more
  1. 2025DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Modelscited by 815
  2. 2025BrowseComp: A Simple Yet Challenging Benchmark for Browsing Agentscited by 647
  3. 2024A Survey on the Memory Mechanism of Large Language Model based Agentscited by 634
  4. 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMscited by 591
  5. 2026GLM-5: from Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineeringcited by 587
  6. 2026Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfacescited by 585
  7. 2023Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandboxcited by 548
  8. 2024InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agentscited by 538
  9. 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 468
  10. 2024AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agentscited by 437
  11. 2024AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agentscited by 401
  12. 2024Agent Security Bench (ASB): Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks and Defenses in LLM-based Agentscited by 369
  13. 2024WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?cited by 363
  14. 2024Agent-SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of LLM Agentscited by 306
  15. 2024Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scalecited by 223
  16. 2025MCP-Bench: Benchmarking Tool-Using LLM Agents with Complex Real-World Tasks via MCP Serverscited by 109
  17. 2026ClawBench: Can AI Agents Complete Everyday Online Tasks?cited by 33

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 37.

37 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Taskscited by 40
  2. 2026Skill0.5: Joint Skill Internalization and Utilization for Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Agentic Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  3. 2026Agent Skill Evaluation and Evolution: Frameworks and Benchmarkscited by 8
  4. 2026Claw-SWE-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating OpenClaw-style Agent Harnesses on Coding Taskscited by 8
  5. 2026MyPCBench: A Benchmark for Personally Intelligent Computer-Use Agentscited by 7
  6. 2026From Chatbot to Digital Colleague: The Paradigm Shift Toward Persistent Autonomous AIcited by 6
  7. 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AIcited by 6
  8. 2026From LLM Inference to Agentic Workloads: Characterization and Implications for Serving Systemscited by 5
  9. 2026SING: Synthetic Intention Graph for Scalable Active Tool Discovery in LLM Agentscited by 4
  10. 2026Intern-S2-Preview: Scientific Agentic Foundation Modelcited by 4
  11. 2026RealClawBench: Live OpenClaw Benchmarks from Real Developer-Agent Sessionscited by 3
  12. 2026Occamy-1.0: Open Pareto-frontier 35B Intelligence for Co-workcited by 3
25 more
  1. 2026EnterpriseClawBench: Benchmarking Agents from Real Workplace Sessionscited by 2
  2. 2026HarnessRisk: A Lifecycle-Oriented Benchmark for Agent Harness Safetycited by 2
  3. 2026Qwen3.8-Omni: Towards Native Omni-Modal Agentscited by 2
  4. 2026Enhancing LLM Metacognition via Cognitive Pairwise Trainingcited by 1
  5. 2026World-Model Collapse as a Phase Transitioncited by 1
  6. 2026PolyWorkBench: Benchmarking LLM Agents for Cross-Lingual Long-Horizon Workflowscited by 1
  7. 2026ClawTrack: Towards Trace-Level Evaluation and Improvement of Real-World Autonomous Agentscited by 1
  8. 2026Terminal Agents: A Survey of AI Agents in Command-Line Environmentscited by 1
  9. 2026Benchmarks are Not Enough: RAMP for Runtime Assessing of Agentic Models in Production Systemscited by 0
  10. 2026Beyond the Current Observation: Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in Controllable Non-Markov Gamescited by 0
  11. 2026Just A Rather Very Intelligent Spoken Agentcited by 0
  12. 2026AgentDecarbonizer: Carbon-Aware Execution for AI Agentscited by 0
  13. 2026Defense-as-Skill: Evolving Runtime Guard Skill for Skill-Augmented Agentscited by 0
  14. 2026SkillLift: Learning Dense Rubrics from Sparse Oracles for Efficient Skill Evolutioncited by 0
  15. 2026TraceDance: An Automated System for Building Agent Behavior Benchmarks from Real-World Agent Deployment Tracescited by 0
  16. 2026CompoWorld: Compositional Environment Scaling for General Agentscited by 0
  17. 2026Environment Steering: Using Data Flow Control to Improve Agent Utility and Safetycited by 0
  18. 2026Talk2Agent: Benchmarking Voice Interfaces for Text Agentscited by 0
  19. 2026cua-speedrun: Standardized Benchmarking of the Speed of Computer-Use Agentscited by 0
  20. 2026LiveMACE: Process-Aware Evaluation of LLM Agent Capabilities in Evolving Marketscited by 0
  21. 2026AgentTime: Can Agents Estimate and Control Their Own Runtime?cited by 0
  22. 2026SpatialASM: Internalizing Active Mentalization for Spatial Reasoningcited by 0
  23. 2026ClawLoop: Self-Improving Agents via Harness-Native Training Loopcited by 0
  24. 2026SkillForgeBench: Evaluating Agent Reliability Grounded in Agent Skill Specificationscited by 0
  25. 2026Empowering Edge Agents: A Systematic Analysis of Edge-Cloud Collaboration in LLM Agent Executioncited by 0

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  2. 2026ORAgentBench: Can LLM Agents Solve Challenging Operations Research Tasks End to End?
  3. 2025MCPAgentBench: A Real-world Task Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Agent MCP Tool Use
  4. 2025LoCoBench-Agent: An Interactive Benchmark for LLM Agents in Long-Context Software Engineering
  5. 2025The Tool Decathlon: Benchmarking Language Agents for Diverse, Realistic, and Long-Horizon Task Execution
  6. 2024CRAB: Cross-environment Agent Benchmark for Multimodal Language Model Agents
  7. 2026WeaveBench: A Long-Horizon, Real-World Benchmark for Computer-Use Agents with Hybrid Interfaces
  8. 2025APTBench: Benchmarking Agentic Potential of Base LLMs During Pre-Training