Agent Skill Evaluation and Evolution: Frameworks and Benchmarks
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent skill learning and evolution
Abstract (arXiv)
The growth of agent skills has transformed how agentic systems are built, evaluated, and deployed. As skill libraries continue to scale, rigorous evaluation becomes critical to ensuring their utility, quality, and safety in real-world applications. Consequently, the field is undergoing an emerging paradigm shift from isolated skill creation to automated, evaluation-driven skill evolution. In this survey, we systematically examine the landscape of skill evolution and evaluation beyond foundational skill creation. We categorize evolution into four distinct paradigms, spanning execution feedback, trajectory distillation, compression, and reinforcement learning, showing how each element contributes to improving skill utility and reliability. We also provide an analysis of six skill-centric benchmark categories, identifying structural gaps in benchmark coverage, trade-offs, and metric richness to advance skill research. Finally, we identify open directions for building skill ecosystems that are generalizable, efficient, and verifiably safe. The project URL is https://github.com/Cassie07/AgentSkill_Survey
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent skill learning and evolution, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 59 of its 79 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2026.
Builds on
59 of 79 references.
Closest ancestors · 15
Same direction, newest first
- 2026SkillsVote: Lifecycle Governance of Agent Skills from Collection, Recommendation to Evolution18 May
- 2026Skill Retrieval Augmentation for Agentic AI27 Apr
- 2026From Skill Text to Skill Structure: The Scheduling-Structural-Logical Representation for Agent Skills27 Apr
- 2026SkillLearnBench: Benchmarking Continual Learning Methods for Agent Skill Generation on Real-World Tasks22 Apr
- 2026SkillForge: Forging Domain-Specific, Self-Evolving Agent Skills in Cloud Technical Support9 Apr
- 2026SkillClaw: Let Skills Evolve Collectively with Agentic Evolver9 Apr
- 2026CoEvoSkills: Self-Evolving Agent Skills via Co-Evolutionary Verification2 Apr
- 2026SkillReducer: Optimizing LLM Agent Skills for Token Efficiency31 Mar
- 2026Dynamic Dual-Granularity Skill Bank for Agentic RL30 Mar
- 2026Trace2Skill: Distill Trajectory-Local Lessons into Transferable Agent Skills26 Mar
- 2026SkillRouter: Skill Routing for LLM Agents at Scale23 Mar
- 2026Organizing, Orchestrating, and Benchmarking Agent Skills at Ecosystem Scale2 Mar
3 more
Other references · 44
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
- 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,754
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,637
- 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,955
- 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 2,006
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIscited by 1,332
- 2020Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Stepscited by 1,282
- 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
- 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,205
- 2022When Not to Trust Language Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memoriescited by 1,128
32 more
- 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,128
- 2022Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Modelscited by 1,075
- 2024Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agentscited by 830
- 2024LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memorycited by 707
- 2025τ2-Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environmentcited by 627
- 2015Compositional Semantic Parsing on Semi-Structured Tablescited by 515
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 478
- 2024AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agentscited by 401
- 2022ScienceWorld: Is your Agent Smarter than a 5th Grader?cited by 327
- 2024WildBench: Benchmarking LLMs with Challenging Tasks from Real Users in the Wildcited by 218
- 2026MemSkill: Learning and Evolving Memory Skills for Self-Evolving Agentscited by 142
- 2024SpreadsheetBench: Towards Challenging Real World Spreadsheet Manipulationcited by 111
- 2026Skill-Inject: Measuring Agent Vulnerability to Skill File Attackscited by 90
- 2026SWE-Skills-Bench: Do Agent Skills Actually Help in Real-World Software Engineering?cited by 82
- 2026XSkill: Continual Learning from Experience and Skills in Multimodal Agentscited by 75
- 2026Memento-Skills: Let Agents Design Agentscited by 62
- 2025Building Self-Evolving Agents via Experience-Driven Lifelong Learning: A Framework and Benchmarkcited by 45
- 2026SKILLFOUNDRY: Building Self-Evolving Agent Skill Libraries from Heterogeneous Scientific Resourcescited by 41
- 2025MMSearch-Plus: Benchmarking Provenance-Aware Search for Multimodal Browsing Agentscited by 38
- 2026WildClawBench: A Benchmark for Real-World, Long-Horizon Agent Evaluationcited by 37
- 2025TIR-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Agentic Thinking-with-Images Reasoningcited by 36
- 2025Two Heads are Better Than One: Test-time Scaling of Multi-agent Collaborative Reasoningcited by 29
- 2025Beyond Seeing: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Tool-Enabled Image Perception, Transformation, and Reasoningcited by 29
- 2025EffiBench-X: A Multi-Language Benchmark for Measuring Efficiency of LLM-Generated Codecited by 27
- 2026AgentVista: Evaluating Multimodal Agents in Ultra-Challenging Realistic Visual Scenarioscited by 23
- 2026From Context to Skills: Can Language Models Learn from Context Skillfully?cited by 19
- 2025M^3-Bench: Multi-Modal, Multi-Hop, Multi-Threaded Tool-Using MLLM Agent Benchmarkcited by 11
- 2026EffiSkill: Agent Skill Based Automated Code Efficiency Optimizationcited by 9
- 2026Skills-Coach: A Self-Evolving Skill Optimizer via Training-Free GRPOcited by 8
- 2026Structured Security Auditing and Robustness Enhancement for Untrusted Agent Skillscited by 7
- 2026DARE: Difficulty-Adaptive Reinforcement Learning with Co-Evolved Difficulty Estimationcited by 2
- 2026Evidence Over Plans: Online Trajectory Verification for Skill Distillationcited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 8.
8 papers.
- 2026Agent Skills Matter: Inferring Proprietary Skills from Execution Trajectoriescited by 4
- 2026What Is a Skill Worth? Structure-Aware Shapley Valuation of Agent Skillscited by 2
- 2026An Empirical Study of Downstream Adaptation for Agent Skillscited by 1
- 2026Inside the Skill Market: From Software Engineering Activities to Reusable Agent Skillscited by 1
- 2026Grounded Checklist Partial Credit for Agent Skill Trajectoriescited by 1
- 2026mimeo: Compiling Public Expert Corpora into Agent Skills and Testing What Transferscited by 0
- 2026Test-Driven Approaches to Software Engineering with Large Language Models: A Survey of Phases, Tasks, and Agent Skillscited by 0
- 2026Why Static Skill Inconsistencies Do Not Equate to Runtime Risks: A Behavioral Analysis of LLM Agent Executioncited by 0
- 2026Why Static Skill Inconsistencies Do Not Equate to Runtime Risks: A Behavioral Analysis of LLM Agent Execution13 Oct 2026
- 2026Test-Driven Approaches to Software Engineering with Large Language Models: A Survey of Phases, Tasks, and Agent Skills10 Sep 2026
- 2026mimeo: Compiling Public Expert Corpora into Agent Skills and Testing What Transfers31 Aug 2026
- 2026Grounded Checklist Partial Credit for Agent Skill Trajectories26 Aug 2026
- 2026What Is a Skill Worth? Structure-Aware Shapley Valuation of Agent Skills5 Aug 2026
- 2026Agent Skills Matter: Inferring Proprietary Skills from Execution Trajectories28 Jul 2026
- 2026Inside the Skill Market: From Software Engineering Activities to Reusable Agent Skills10 Jul 2026
- 2026An Empirical Study of Downstream Adaptation for Agent Skills3 Jul 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Rethinking Self-Evolving Agent Skills: Feedback Dynamics over Multiple Rounds
- 2026SkillVine: Agent Skill Evolution via Branching Exploration
- 2026SkillSmith: Co-Evolving Skills and Tools for Self-Improving Agent Systems
- 2026SkillFlow:Benchmarking Lifelong Skill Discovery and Evolution for Autonomous Agents
- 2026MetaSkill-Evolve: Recursive Self-Improvement of LLM Agents via Two-Timescale Meta-Skill Evolution
- 2026You Live More Than Once: Towards Hierarchical Skill Meta-Evolving
- 2026SkillFocus: Evolving Agent Skills via Capability Decomposition
- 2026ContinualSkillBench: Can LLM Agents Truly Evolve Their Capabilities?