DiffAD: A Unified Diffusion Modeling Approach for Autonomous Driving
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion and flow policies for robotics
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Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) has rapidly emerged as a promising approach toward achieving full autonomy. However, existing E2E-AD systems typically adopt a traditional multi-task framework, addressing perception, prediction, and planning tasks through separate task-specific heads. Despite being trained in a fully differentiable manner, they still encounter issues with task coordination, and the system complexity remains high. In this work, we introduce DiffAD, a novel diffusion probabilistic model that redefines autonomous driving as a conditional image generation task. By rasterizing heterogeneous targets onto a unified bird's-eye view (BEV) and modeling their latent distribution, DiffAD unifies various driving objectives and jointly optimizes all driving tasks in a single framework, significantly reducing system complexity and harmonizing task coordination. The reverse process iteratively refines the generated BEV image, resulting in more robust and realistic driving behaviors. Closed-loop evaluations in Carla demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method, achieving a new state-of-the-art Success Rate and Driving Score.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion and flow policies for robotics, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 46 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2025.
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46 of 55 references.
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Other references · 45
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
- 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
- 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
- 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
33 more
- 2022Flow Straight and Fast: Learning to Generate and Transfer Data with Rectified Flowcited by 3,550
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
- 2023Align your Latents: High-Resolution Video Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 1,465
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
- 2022Imagic: Text-Based Real Image Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,172
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2022PETR: Position Embedding Transformation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 550
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 528
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2024DriveVLM: The Convergence of Autonomous Driving and Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 482
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 455
- 2022MapTR: Structured Modeling and Learning for Online Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 311
- 2021DenseTNT: End-to-end Trajectory Prediction from Dense Goal Setscited by 292
- 2021HDMapNet: An Online HD Map Construction and Evaluation Frameworkcited by 280
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
- 2022VectorMapNet: End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Learningcited by 243
- 2023Is Ego Status All You Need for Open-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 242
- 2022Diffusion models as plug-and-play priorscited by 230
- 2016Professor Forcing: A New Algorithm for Training Recurrent Networkscited by 214
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 211
- 2023MotionDiffuser: Controllable Multi-Agent Motion Prediction using Diffusioncited by 210
- 2023Rethinking the Open-Loop Evaluation of End-to-End Autonomous Driving in nuScenescited by 191
- 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 168
- 2021Scene Transformer: A unified architecture for predicting multiple agent trajectoriescited by 165
- 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 142
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Drivingcited by 88
- 2023PolyDiffuse: Polygonal Shape Reconstruction via Guided Set Diffusion Modelscited by 36
- 2023DiffBEV: Conditional Diffusion Model for Bird's Eye View Perceptioncited by 30
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 14; 2026: 12.
26 papers.
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- 2025DriveMoE: Mixture-of-Experts for Vision-Language-Action Model in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 85
- 2025Omni-Video: Democratizing Unified Video Understanding and Generationcited by 39
- 2025MindDrive: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Autonomous Driving via Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 25
- 2025DIVER: Reinforced Diffusion Breaks Imitation Bottlenecks in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2025Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: Frontiers and Opportunitiescited by 7
- 2025Model-Based Policy Adaptation for Closed-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2025Fully Unified Motion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routingcited by 5
- 2025Prioritizing Perception-Guided Self-Supervision: A New Paradigm for Causal Modeling in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025AXIS: Explainable Time Series Anomaly Detection with Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025WPT: World-to-Policy Transfer via Online World Model Distillationcited by 4
- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Expertscited by 3
14 more
- 2025DiffVL: Diffusion-Based Visual Localization on 2D Maps via BEV-Conditioned GPS Denoisingcited by 2
- 2025Diffusion Models for Reinforcement Learning: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Developmentcited by 2
- 2026Deconfounded Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving via Dynamic Knowledge Spacescited by 2
- 2026OWMDrive: Causality-Aware End-to-End Autonomous Driving via 4D Occupancy World Modelcited by 2
- 2026AlignDrive: Aligned Lateral-Longitudinal Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026Physics-informed Diffusion Mamba Transformer for Real-world Drivingcited by 1
- 2026PerlAD: Towards Enhanced Closed-loop End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Pseudo-simulation-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026LMGenDrive: Bridging Multimodal Understanding and Generative World Modeling for End-to-End Drivingcited by 1
- 2026UniTeD: Unified Temporal Diffusion for Joint Perception and Planning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026ScenarioControl: Vision-Language Controllable Vectorized Latent Scenario Generationcited by 0
- 2026LVDrive: Latent Visual Representation Enhanced Vision-Language-Action Autonomous Driving Modelcited by 0
- 2026Off the Rails: Hijacking the Scoring Head in Generative End-to-End Driving Planners with Safety-Violating Adversarial Perturbationscited by 0
- 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLAcited by 0
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLA2 Aug 2026
- 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Jul 2026
- 2026Off the Rails: Hijacking the Scoring Head in Generative End-to-End Driving Planners with Safety-Violating Adversarial Perturbations29 Jun 2026
- 2026OWMDrive: Causality-Aware End-to-End Autonomous Driving via 4D Occupancy World Model29 Jun 2026
- 2026UniTeD: Unified Temporal Diffusion for Joint Perception and Planning in Autonomous Driving24 Jun 2026
- 2026LVDrive: Latent Visual Representation Enhanced Vision-Language-Action Autonomous Driving Model21 May 2026
- 2026ScenarioControl: Vision-Language Controllable Vectorized Latent Scenario Generation18 Apr 2026
- 2026LMGenDrive: Bridging Multimodal Understanding and Generative World Modeling for End-to-End Driving9 Apr 2026
- 2026PerlAD: Towards Enhanced Closed-loop End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Pseudo-simulation-based Reinforcement Learning16 Mar 2026
- 2026Deconfounded Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving via Dynamic Knowledge Spaces15 Mar 2026
- 2026Physics-informed Diffusion Mamba Transformer for Real-world Driving31 Jan 2026
- 2026AlignDrive: Aligned Lateral-Longitudinal Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Jan 2026
14 more
- 2025MindDrive: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Autonomous Driving via Online Reinforcement Learning15 Dec 2025
- 2025Model-Based Policy Adaptation for Closed-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Nov 2025
- 2025WPT: World-to-Policy Transfer via Online World Model Distillation25 Nov 2025
- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts13 Nov 2025
- 2025Prioritizing Perception-Guided Self-Supervision: A New Paradigm for Causal Modeling in End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Nov 2025
- 2025Diffusion Models for Reinforcement Learning: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Development14 Oct 2025
- 2025AXIS: Explainable Time Series Anomaly Detection with Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025DiffVL: Diffusion-Based Visual Localization on 2D Maps via BEV-Conditioned GPS Denoising18 Sep 2025
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routing5 Sep 2025
- 2025Omni-Video: Democratizing Unified Video Understanding and Generation8 Jul 2025
- 2025DIVER: Reinforced Diffusion Breaks Imitation Bottlenecks in End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Jul 2025
- 2025DriveMoE: Mixture-of-Experts for Vision-Language-Action Model in End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 May 2025
- 2025Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: Frontiers and Opportunities13 May 2025
- 2025Fully Unified Motion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving17 Apr 2025
- 2025Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: Frontiers and Opportunitiescited by 7
- 2025Model-Based Policy Adaptation for Closed-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2025Fully Unified Motion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2025Prioritizing Perception-Guided Self-Supervision: A New Paradigm for Causal Modeling in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Expertscited by 3
- 2026Deconfounded Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving via Dynamic Knowledge Spacescited by 2
- 2026AlignDrive: Aligned Lateral-Longitudinal Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026PerlAD: Towards Enhanced Closed-loop End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Pseudo-simulation-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Off the Rails: Hijacking the Scoring Head in Generative End-to-End Driving Planners with Safety-Violating Adversarial Perturbationscited by 0
- 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Jul 2026
- 2026Off the Rails: Hijacking the Scoring Head in Generative End-to-End Driving Planners with Safety-Violating Adversarial Perturbations29 Jun 2026
- 2026PerlAD: Towards Enhanced Closed-loop End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Pseudo-simulation-based Reinforcement Learning16 Mar 2026
- 2026Deconfounded Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving via Dynamic Knowledge Spaces15 Mar 2026
- 2026AlignDrive: Aligned Lateral-Longitudinal Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Jan 2026
- 2025Model-Based Policy Adaptation for Closed-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Nov 2025
- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts13 Nov 2025
- 2025Prioritizing Perception-Guided Self-Supervision: A New Paradigm for Causal Modeling in End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Nov 2025
- 2025Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: Frontiers and Opportunities13 May 2025
- 2025Fully Unified Motion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving17 Apr 2025
- 2025DIVER: Reinforced Diffusion Breaks Imitation Bottlenecks in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routingcited by 5
- 2025DiffVL: Diffusion-Based Visual Localization on 2D Maps via BEV-Conditioned GPS Denoisingcited by 2
- 2025Diffusion Models for Reinforcement Learning: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Developmentcited by 2
- 2026Physics-informed Diffusion Mamba Transformer for Real-world Drivingcited by 1
- 2026UniTeD: Unified Temporal Diffusion for Joint Perception and Planning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026UniTeD: Unified Temporal Diffusion for Joint Perception and Planning in Autonomous Driving24 Jun 2026
- 2026Physics-informed Diffusion Mamba Transformer for Real-world Driving31 Jan 2026
- 2025Diffusion Models for Reinforcement Learning: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Development14 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffVL: Diffusion-Based Visual Localization on 2D Maps via BEV-Conditioned GPS Denoising18 Sep 2025
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routing5 Sep 2025
- 2025DIVER: Reinforced Diffusion Breaks Imitation Bottlenecks in End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Jul 2025
- 2025WPT: World-to-Policy Transfer via Online World Model Distillationcited by 4
- 2026OWMDrive: Causality-Aware End-to-End Autonomous Driving via 4D Occupancy World Modelcited by 2
- 2026LMGenDrive: Bridging Multimodal Understanding and Generative World Modeling for End-to-End Drivingcited by 1
- 2026LVDrive: Latent Visual Representation Enhanced Vision-Language-Action Autonomous Driving Modelcited by 0
- 2026OWMDrive: Causality-Aware End-to-End Autonomous Driving via 4D Occupancy World Model29 Jun 2026
- 2026LVDrive: Latent Visual Representation Enhanced Vision-Language-Action Autonomous Driving Model21 May 2026
- 2026LMGenDrive: Bridging Multimodal Understanding and Generative World Modeling for End-to-End Driving9 Apr 2026
- 2025WPT: World-to-Policy Transfer via Online World Model Distillation25 Nov 2025
- 2025DriveMoE: Mixture-of-Experts for Vision-Language-Action Model in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 85
- 2025MindDrive: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Autonomous Driving via Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 25
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLAcited by 0
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLA2 Aug 2026
- 2025MindDrive: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Autonomous Driving via Online Reinforcement Learning15 Dec 2025
- 2025DriveMoE: Mixture-of-Experts for Vision-Language-Action Model in End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 May 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025DiffE2E: Rethinking End-to-End Driving with a Hybrid Action Diffusion and Supervised Policy
- 2025DiffVLA: Vision-Language Guided Diffusion Planning for Autonomous Driving
- 2024DualAD: Disentangling the Dynamic and Static World for End-to-End Driving
- 2025Sim2Real Diffusion: Leveraging Foundation Vision Language Models for Adaptive Automated Driving
- 2025ViLaD: A Large Vision Language Diffusion Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2023ADriver-I: A General World Model for Autonomous Driving
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representation
- 2024Forging Vision Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving: Challenges, Methodologies, and Opportunities