SplatTalk: 3D VQA with Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Language-guided 3D scene understanding is important for advancing applications in robotics, AR/VR, and human-computer interaction, enabling models to comprehend and interact with 3D environments through natural language. While 2D vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable success in 2D VQA tasks, progress in the 3D domain has been significantly slower due to the complexity of 3D data and the high cost of manual annotations. In this work, we introduce SplatTalk, a novel method that uses a generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) framework to produce 3D tokens suitable for direct input into a pretrained LLM, enabling effective zero-shot 3D visual question answering (3D VQA) for scenes with only posed images. During experiments on multiple benchmarks, our approach outperforms both 3D models trained specifically for the task and previous 2D-LMM-based models utilizing only images (our setting), while achieving competitive performance with state-of-the-art 3D LMMs that additionally utilize 3D inputs. Project website: https://splat-talk.github.io/
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Mar 2025.
Builds on
45 of 52 references.
References · 45
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- 2023CogVLM: Visual Expert for Pretrained Language Modelscited by 704
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2024LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave: Tackling Multi-image, Video, and 3D in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 571
- 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
- 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
- 2023GLaMM: Pixel Grounding Large Multimodal Modelcited by 447
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
- 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
- 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D Worldcited by 355
- 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
- 2019Deep Modular Co-Attention Networks for Visual Question Answeringcited by 338
- 2022SQA3D: Situated Question Answering in 3D Scenescited by 303
- 2023LL3DA: Visual Interactive Instruction Tuning for Omni-3D Understanding, Reasoning, and Planningcited by 206
- 20233D-VisTA: Pre-trained Transformer for 3D Vision and Text Alignmentcited by 201
- 2024LLaVA-3D: A Simple yet Effective Pathway to Empowering LMMs with 3D-awarenesscited by 178
- 2023Chat-Scene: Bridging 3D Scene and Large Language Models with Object Identifierscited by 170
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoningcited by 170
- 2024OpenGaussian: Towards Point-Level 3D Gaussian-based Open Vocabulary Understandingcited by 141
- 2023Chat-3D: Data-efficiently Tuning Large Language Model for Universal Dialogue of 3D Scenescited by 125
- 2024Grounded 3D-LLM with Referent Tokenscited by 111
- 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 86
- 2024Large Spatial Model: End-to-end Unposed Images to Semantic 3Dcited by 73
- 2024OpenNeRF: Open Set 3D Neural Scene Segmentation with Pixel-Wise Features and Rendered Novel Viewscited by 68
- 2024Multi-modal Situated Reasoning in 3D Scenescited by 50
- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024N2F2: Hierarchical Scene Understanding with Nested Neural Feature Fieldscited by 34
- 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 30
- 2024Robin3D: Improving 3D Large Language Model via Robust Instruction Tuningcited by 26
- 20233D-Aware Visual Question Answering about Parts, Poses and Occlusionscited by 16
- 2024Lift3D: Zero-Shot Lifting of Any 2D Vision Model to 3Dcited by 14
- 2024GSemSplat: Generalizable Semantic 3D Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Image Pairscited by 14
- 2024ChatSplat: 3D Conversational Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 9; 2026: 15.
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- 2025Multimodal Spatial Reasoning in the Large Model Era: A Survey and Benchmarkscited by 31
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 23
- 2025SceneCOT: Eliciting Grounded Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in 3D Scenescited by 7
- 2026ReLaGS: Relational Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2025LEO-VL: Efficient Scene Representation for Scalable 3D Vision-Language Learningcited by 4
- 2025From 2D to 3D Cognition: A Brief Survey of General World Modelscited by 4
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
- 2026Loc3R-VLM: Language-based Localization and 3D Reasoning with Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026SeGPruner: Semantic-Geometric Visual Token Pruner for 3D Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained viewscited by 2
- 2026Proxy3D: Efficient 3D Representations for Vision-Language Models via Semantic Clustering and Alignmentcited by 2
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environmentscited by 1
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- 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrievalcited by 1
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026X-GS: An Extensible Framework for Perceiving and Thinking with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Token Warping Helps MLLMs Look from Nearby Viewpointscited by 0
- 2026Occ-VLM: Occupancy Grounded Vision Language Model for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026VistaVLA: Geometry- and Semantic-Aware 3D Gaussian-Grounded VLA for Robotic Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026CoVeR: Coverage-Based Token Pruning for Multi-View 3D Reasoning in VLMscited by 0
- 2026SparseTalk - Sparsifying 3D Gaussian Language Fields for Efficient 3D Visual Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2026Imagine3D-LLM: Teaching MLLMs to Imagine 3D Scenes Before Answeringcited by 0
- 2026Imagine3D-LLM: Teaching MLLMs to Imagine 3D Scenes Before Answering29 Sep 2026
- 2026SparseTalk - Sparsifying 3D Gaussian Language Fields for Efficient 3D Visual Question Answering14 Sep 2026
- 2026CoVeR: Coverage-Based Token Pruning for Multi-View 3D Reasoning in VLMs8 Sep 2026
- 2026VistaVLA: Geometry- and Semantic-Aware 3D Gaussian-Grounded VLA for Robotic Manipulation14 Jul 2026
- 2026Occ-VLM: Occupancy Grounded Vision Language Model for Indoor Scene Understanding18 Jun 2026
- 2026Proxy3D: Efficient 3D Representations for Vision-Language Models via Semantic Clustering and Alignment8 May 2026
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained views10 Apr 2026
- 2026Token Warping Helps MLLMs Look from Nearby Viewpoints3 Apr 2026
- 2026SeGPruner: Semantic-Geometric Visual Token Pruner for 3D Question Answering31 Mar 2026
- 2026Loc3R-VLM: Language-based Localization and 3D Reasoning with Vision-Language Models18 Mar 2026
- 2026ReLaGS: Relational Language Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2026
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrieval15 Mar 2026
12 more
- 2026X-GS: An Extensible Framework for Perceiving and Thinking with 3D Gaussian Splatting10 Mar 2026
- 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Model10 Mar 2026
- 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatars21 Jan 2026
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understanding20 Nov 2025
- 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025Multimodal Spatial Reasoning in the Large Model Era: A Survey and Benchmarks29 Oct 2025
- 2025SceneCOT: Eliciting Grounded Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in 3D Scenes19 Oct 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understanding7 Aug 2025
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Survey19 Jul 2025
- 2025From 2D to 3D Cognition: A Brief Survey of General World Models25 Jun 2025
- 2025LEO-VL: Efficient Scene Representation for Scalable 3D Vision-Language Learning11 Jun 2025
- 2025LEO-VL: Efficient Scene Representation for Scalable 3D Vision-Language Learningcited by 4
- 2026SeGPruner: Semantic-Geometric Visual Token Pruner for 3D Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026Proxy3D: Efficient 3D Representations for Vision-Language Models via Semantic Clustering and Alignmentcited by 2
- 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMscited by 1
- 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2026Token Warping Helps MLLMs Look from Nearby Viewpointscited by 0
- 2026Occ-VLM: Occupancy Grounded Vision Language Model for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Imagine3D-LLM: Teaching MLLMs to Imagine 3D Scenes Before Answeringcited by 0
- 2026Imagine3D-LLM: Teaching MLLMs to Imagine 3D Scenes Before Answering29 Sep 2026
- 2026Occ-VLM: Occupancy Grounded Vision Language Model for Indoor Scene Understanding18 Jun 2026
- 2026Proxy3D: Efficient 3D Representations for Vision-Language Models via Semantic Clustering and Alignment8 May 2026
- 2026Token Warping Helps MLLMs Look from Nearby Viewpoints3 Apr 2026
- 2026SeGPruner: Semantic-Geometric Visual Token Pruner for 3D Question Answering31 Mar 2026
- 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Model10 Mar 2026
- 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025LEO-VL: Efficient Scene Representation for Scalable 3D Vision-Language Learning11 Jun 2025
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 23
- 2026ReLaGS: Relational Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained viewscited by 2
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environmentscited by 1
- 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatarscited by 1
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrievalcited by 1
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026X-GS: An Extensible Framework for Perceiving and Thinking with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026SparseTalk - Sparsifying 3D Gaussian Language Fields for Efficient 3D Visual Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2026SparseTalk - Sparsifying 3D Gaussian Language Fields for Efficient 3D Visual Question Answering14 Sep 2026
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained views10 Apr 2026
- 2026ReLaGS: Relational Language Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2026
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrieval15 Mar 2026
- 2026X-GS: An Extensible Framework for Perceiving and Thinking with 3D Gaussian Splatting10 Mar 2026
- 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatars21 Jan 2026
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understanding20 Nov 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understanding7 Aug 2025
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Survey19 Jul 2025
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