mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SplatTalk: 3D VQA with Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2503.06271 ↗First posted 8 Mar 2025cs.CVcited by 24

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Abstract (arXiv)

Language-guided 3D scene understanding is important for advancing applications in robotics, AR/VR, and human-computer interaction, enabling models to comprehend and interact with 3D environments through natural language. While 2D vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable success in 2D VQA tasks, progress in the 3D domain has been significantly slower due to the complexity of 3D data and the high cost of manual annotations. In this work, we introduce SplatTalk, a novel method that uses a generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) framework to produce 3D tokens suitable for direct input into a pretrained LLM, enabling effective zero-shot 3D visual question answering (3D VQA) for scenes with only posed images. During experiments on multiple benchmarks, our approach outperforms both 3D models trained specifically for the task and previous 2D-LMM-based models utilizing only images (our setting), while achieving competitive performance with state-of-the-art 3D LMMs that additionally utilize 3D inputs. Project website: https://splat-talk.github.io/

Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Mar 2025.

Builds on

45 of 52 references.

References · 45

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  3. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  4. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  5. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
  6. 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
  7. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfercited by 2,669
  8. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
  9. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?cited by 2,105
  10. 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
  11. 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,027
  12. 2023MVBench: A Comprehensive Multi-modal Video Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,086
33 more
  1. 2023CogVLM: Visual Expert for Pretrained Language Modelscited by 704
  2. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  3. 2024LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave: Tackling Multi-image, Video, and 3D in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 571
  4. 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
  5. 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
  6. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
  7. 2023GLaMM: Pixel Grounding Large Multimodal Modelcited by 447
  8. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  9. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  10. 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D Worldcited by 355
  11. 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
  12. 2019Deep Modular Co-Attention Networks for Visual Question Answeringcited by 338
  13. 2022SQA3D: Situated Question Answering in 3D Scenescited by 303
  14. 2023LL3DA: Visual Interactive Instruction Tuning for Omni-3D Understanding, Reasoning, and Planningcited by 206
  15. 20233D-VisTA: Pre-trained Transformer for 3D Vision and Text Alignmentcited by 201
  16. 2024LLaVA-3D: A Simple yet Effective Pathway to Empowering LMMs with 3D-awarenesscited by 178
  17. 2023Chat-Scene: Bridging 3D Scene and Large Language Models with Object Identifierscited by 170
  18. 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoningcited by 170
  19. 2024OpenGaussian: Towards Point-Level 3D Gaussian-based Open Vocabulary Understandingcited by 141
  20. 2023Chat-3D: Data-efficiently Tuning Large Language Model for Universal Dialogue of 3D Scenescited by 125
  21. 2024Grounded 3D-LLM with Referent Tokenscited by 111
  22. 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 86
  23. 2024Large Spatial Model: End-to-end Unposed Images to Semantic 3Dcited by 73
  24. 2024OpenNeRF: Open Set 3D Neural Scene Segmentation with Pixel-Wise Features and Rendered Novel Viewscited by 68
  25. 2024Multi-modal Situated Reasoning in 3D Scenescited by 50
  26. 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
  27. 2024N2F2: Hierarchical Scene Understanding with Nested Neural Feature Fieldscited by 34
  28. 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 30
  29. 2024Robin3D: Improving 3D Large Language Model via Robust Instruction Tuningcited by 26
  30. 20233D-Aware Visual Question Answering about Parts, Poses and Occlusionscited by 16
  31. 2024Lift3D: Zero-Shot Lifting of Any 2D Vision Model to 3Dcited by 14
  32. 2024GSemSplat: Generalizable Semantic 3D Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Image Pairscited by 14
  33. 2024ChatSplat: 3D Conversational Gaussian Splattingcited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 9; 2026: 15.

24 papers.

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  1. 2025Multimodal Spatial Reasoning in the Large Model Era: A Survey and Benchmarkscited by 31
  2. 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 23
  3. 2025SceneCOT: Eliciting Grounded Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in 3D Scenescited by 7
  4. 2026ReLaGS: Relational Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  5. 2025LEO-VL: Efficient Scene Representation for Scalable 3D Vision-Language Learningcited by 4
  6. 2025From 2D to 3D Cognition: A Brief Survey of General World Modelscited by 4
  7. 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
  8. 2026Loc3R-VLM: Language-based Localization and 3D Reasoning with Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
  9. 2026SeGPruner: Semantic-Geometric Visual Token Pruner for 3D Question Answeringcited by 2
  10. 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained viewscited by 2
  11. 2026Proxy3D: Efficient 3D Representations for Vision-Language Models via Semantic Clustering and Alignmentcited by 2
  12. 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environmentscited by 1
12 more
  1. 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMscited by 1
  2. 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatarscited by 1
  3. 2026Point Cloud as a Foreign Language for Multi-modal Large Language Modelcited by 1
  4. 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrievalcited by 1
  5. 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
  6. 2026X-GS: An Extensible Framework for Perceiving and Thinking with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  7. 2026Token Warping Helps MLLMs Look from Nearby Viewpointscited by 0
  8. 2026Occ-VLM: Occupancy Grounded Vision Language Model for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 0
  9. 2026VistaVLA: Geometry- and Semantic-Aware 3D Gaussian-Grounded VLA for Robotic Manipulationcited by 0
  10. 2026CoVeR: Coverage-Based Token Pruning for Multi-View 3D Reasoning in VLMscited by 0
  11. 2026SparseTalk - Sparsifying 3D Gaussian Language Fields for Efficient 3D Visual Question Answeringcited by 0
  12. 2026Imagine3D-LLM: Teaching MLLMs to Imagine 3D Scenes Before Answeringcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025GaussianVLM: Scene-centric 3D Vision-Language Models using Language-aligned Gaussian Splats for Embodied Reasoning and Beyond
  2. 2026ZeroSplat: Generalized Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
  3. 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understanding
  4. 2025SceneSplat: Gaussian Splatting-based Scene Understanding with Vision-Language Pretraining
  5. 2024GOI: Find 3D Gaussians of Interest with an Optimizable Open-vocabulary Semantic-space Hyperplane
  6. 2025SeqAffordSplat: Scene-level Sequential Affordance Reasoning on 3D Gaussian Splatting
  7. 2026Open-Vocabulary and Referring Segmentation for 3D Gaussians Using 2D Detectors
  8. 2026CausalSplat: Towards Comprehensive Hierarchical Reasoning in 3D Gaussian Splatting