mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learn to Optimize Denoising Scores for 3D Generation: A Unified and Improved Diffusion Prior on NeRF and 3D Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2312.04820 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2023cs.CV cs.AIcited by 20

On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation

Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a unified framework aimed at enhancing the diffusion priors for 3D generation tasks. Despite the critical importance of these tasks, existing methodologies often struggle to generate high-caliber results. We begin by examining the inherent limitations in previous diffusion priors. We identify a divergence between the diffusion priors and the training procedures of diffusion models that substantially impairs the quality of 3D generation. To address this issue, we propose a novel, unified framework that iteratively optimizes both the 3D model and the diffusion prior. Leveraging the different learnable parameters of the diffusion prior, our approach offers multiple configurations, affording various trade-offs between performance and implementation complexity. Notably, our experimental results demonstrate that our method markedly surpasses existing techniques, establishing new state-of-the-art in the realm of text-to-3D generation. Furthermore, our approach exhibits impressive performance on both NeRF and the newly introduced 3D Gaussian Splatting backbones. Additionally, our framework yields insightful contributions to the understanding of recent score distillation methods, such as the VSD and DDS loss.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 42 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2023.

Builds on

42 of 45 references.

Closest ancestors · 16

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Zero123++: a Single Image to Consistent Multi-view Diffusion Base Model23 Oct
  2. 2023Wonder3D: Single Image to 3D using Cross-Domain Diffusion23 Oct
  3. 2023Consistent-1-to-3: Consistent Image to 3D View Synthesis via Geometry-aware Diffusion Models4 Oct
  4. 2023T3Bench: Benchmarking Current Progress in Text-to-3D Generation4 Oct
  5. 2023SweetDreamer: Aligning Geometric Priors in 2D Diffusion for Consistent Text-to-3D4 Oct
  6. 2023MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation31 Aug
  7. 2023Magic123: One Image to High-Quality 3D Object Generation Using Both 2D and 3D Diffusion Priors30 Jun
  8. 2023Edit-DiffNeRF: Editing 3D Neural Radiance Fields using 2D Diffusion Model15 Jun
  9. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation25 May
  10. 2023Fantasia3D: Disentangling Geometry and Appearance for High-quality Text-to-3D Content Creation24 Mar
  11. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object20 Mar
  12. 2023Let 2D Diffusion Model Know 3D-Consistency for Robust Text-to-3D Generation14 Mar
4 more
  1. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generation1 Dec
  2. 2022NeuralLift-360: Lifting An In-the-wild 2D Photo to A 3D Object with 360deg Views29 Nov
  3. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation18 Nov
  4. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion29 Sep

Other references · 26

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  4. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  5. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  6. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  7. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  8. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  9. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  10. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  11. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
  12. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
14 more
  1. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  2. 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,409
  3. 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,231
  4. 2023T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,339
  5. 2022Imagic: Text-Based Real Image Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,172
  6. 2022Null-text Inversion for Editing Real Images using Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 1,168
  7. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,155
  8. 2020Improved Techniques for Training Score-Based Generative Modelscited by 1,036
  9. 2022Latent-NeRF for Shape-Guided Generation of 3D Shapes and Texturescited by 506
  10. 2023Instruct-NeRF2NeRF: Editing 3D Scenes with Instructionscited by 482
  11. 2015MADE: Masked Autoencoder for Distribution Estimationcited by 306
  12. 2023RealFusion: 360deg Reconstruction of Any Object from a Single Imagecited by 305
  13. 2022Diffusion models as plug-and-play priorscited by 230
  14. 2023Delta Denoising Scorecited by 120

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 16; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

20 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  2. 2024MeshAnything: Artist-Created Mesh Generation with Autoregressive Transformerscited by 140
  3. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  4. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  5. 2024Director3D: Real-world Camera Trajectory and 3D Scene Generation from Textcited by 50
  6. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 40
  7. 2024Text-to-Image Rectified Flow as Plug-and-Play Priorscited by 38
  8. 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
  9. 2024Sculpt3D: Multi-View Consistent Text-to-3D Generation with Sparse 3D Priorcited by 20
  10. 2024Atlas3D: Physically Constrained Self-Supporting Text-to-3D for Simulation and Fabricationcited by 19
  11. 2024Connecting Consistency Distillation to Score Distillation for Text-to-3D Generationcited by 18
  12. 2025SteerX: Creating Any Camera-Free 3D and 4D Scenes with Geometric Steeringcited by 13
8 more
  1. 2024Semantic Score Distillation Sampling for Compositional Text-to-3D Generationcited by 9
  2. 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
  3. 2024DreamMapping: High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Variational Distribution Mappingcited by 5
  4. 2024MicroDreamer: Efficient 3D Generation in ~20 Seconds by Score-based Iterative Reconstructioncited by 4
  5. 2024Magic-Boost: Boost 3D Generation with Multi-View Conditioned Diffusioncited by 2
  6. 2025Advancing Text-to-3D Generation with Linearized Lookahead Variational Score Distillationcited by 0
  7. 2026RouteBridge: Reliability-Routed Bidirectional Distillation Between Neural Radiance Fields and 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  8. 2026Is Gaussian Splatting Becoming Neural Again? A Taxonomy and Controlled Study of Learned Parameterizationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024A Lesson in Splats: Teacher-Guided Diffusion for 3D Gaussian Splats Generation with 2D Supervision
  2. 2024Flow Score Distillation for Diverse Text-to-3D Generation
  3. 2023GaussianDiffusion: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models with Structured Noise
  4. 2025Distilling Multi-view Diffusion Models into 3D Generators
  5. 2025ITS3D: Inference-Time Scaling for Text-Guided 3D Diffusion Models
  6. 2025DiffSplat: Repurposing Image Diffusion Models for Scalable Gaussian Splat Generation
  7. 2024DSplats: 3D Generation by Denoising Splats-Based Multiview Diffusion Models
  8. 2023HD-Fusion: Detailed Text-to-3D Generation Leveraging Multiple Noise Estimation