Neural Face Rigging for Animating and Retargeting Facial Meshes in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose an end-to-end deep-learning approach for automatic rigging and retargeting of 3D models of human faces in the wild. Our approach, called Neural Face Rigging (NFR), holds three key properties: (i) NFR's expression space maintains human-interpretable editing parameters for artistic controls; (ii) NFR is readily applicable to arbitrary facial meshes with different connectivity and expressions; (iii) NFR can encode and produce fine-grained details of complex expressions performed by arbitrary subjects. To the best of our knowledge, NFR is the first approach to provide realistic and controllable deformations of in-the-wild facial meshes, without the manual creation of blendshapes or correspondence. We design a deformation autoencoder and train it through a multi-dataset training scheme, which benefits from the unique advantages of two data sources: a linear 3DMM with interpretable control parameters as in FACS, and 4D captures of real faces with fine-grained details. Through various experiments, we show NFR's ability to automatically produce realistic and accurate facial deformations across a wide range of existing datasets as well as noisy facial scans in-the-wild, while providing artist-controlled, editable parameters.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 May 2023.
Builds on
18 of 50 references.
References · 18
- 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
- 2020Accelerating 3D Deep Learning with PyTorch3Dcited by 781
- 2016Geometric deep learning on graphs and manifolds using mixture model CNNscited by 468
- 20193D Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Futurecited by 269
- 2018Generating 3D faces using Convolutional Mesh Autoencoderscited by 267
- 2017MoFA: Model-based Deep Convolutional Face Autoencoder for Unsupervised Monocular Reconstructioncited by 163
- 2020DiffusionNet: Discretization Agnostic Learning on Surfacescited by 163
- 2020Learning Formation of Physically-Based Face Attributescited by 94
- 2019Neural 3D Morphable Models: Spiral Convolutional Networks for 3D Shape Representation Learning and Generationcited by 89
- 2019SpiralNet++: A Fast and Highly Efficient Mesh Convolution Operatorcited by 89
- 2022Multiface: A Dataset for Neural Face Renderingcited by 87
- 2017Variational Autoencoders for Deforming 3D Mesh Modelscited by 69
6 more
- 2020Fully Convolutional Mesh Autoencoder using Efficient Spatially Varying Kernelscited by 53
- 2019Disentangled Representation Learning for 3D Face Shapecited by 48
- 2014Multilinear Wavelets: A Statistical Shape Space for Human Facescited by 32
- 2022Neural Jacobian Fields: Learning Intrinsic Mappings of Arbitrary Meshescited by 28
- 2020Accurate Face Rig Approximation with Deep Differential Subspace Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2020JNR: Joint-based Neural Rig Representation for Compact 3D Face Modelingcited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 10; 2025: 9; 2026: 5.
25 papers.
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- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2025Anymate: A Dataset and Baselines for Learning 3D Object Riggingcited by 27
- 2024ScanTalk: 3D Talking Heads from Unregistered Scanscited by 22
- 2024HeadEvolver: Text to Head Avatars via Expressive and Attribute-Preserving Mesh Deformationcited by 11
- 2024DICE: End-to-end Deformation Capture of Hand-Face Interactions from a Single Imagecited by 9
- 2025Category-Agnostic Neural Object Riggingcited by 8
- 2024ShapeFusion: A 3D diffusion model for localized shape editingcited by 6
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfacescited by 6
- 2023Basis restricted elastic shape analysis on the space of unregistered surfacescited by 5
- 2024Locally Adaptive Neural 3D Morphable Modelscited by 5
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codescited by 5
- 2025Neural Face Skinning for Mesh-agnostic Facial Expression Cloningcited by 5
13 more
- 2024LeGO: Leveraging a Surface Deformation Network for Animatable Stylized Face Generation with One Examplecited by 4
- 2024Beyond Fixed Topologies: Unregistered Training and Comprehensive Evaluation Metrics for 3D Talking Headscited by 4
- 2025RigAnyFace: Scaling Neural Facial Mesh Auto-Rigging with Unlabeled Datacited by 2
- 2024Democratizing the Creation of Animatable Facial Avatarscited by 1
- 2024PaNDaS: Learnable Deformation Modeling with Localized Controlcited by 1
- 2026OmniFaceRig: Fully Automatic Inner-Mouth-Aware Face Rigging Across Diverse 3D Character Topologiescited by 1
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargetingcited by 0
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshescited by 0
- 2025Pain in 3D: Generating Controllable Synthetic Faces for Automated Pain Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026Learning Domain Agnostic Latent Embeddings of 3D Faces for Zero-shot Animal Expression Transfercited by 0
- 2026FreeTalk: Emotional Topology-Free 3D Talking Headscited by 0
- 2026AnyTalk: Speech Animation for Arbitrary Characters Leveraging a Video Generation Modelcited by 0
- 2026TopoRig: Topology-Agnostic Facial Rigging via Multi-Source Supervisioncited by 0
- 2026TopoRig: Topology-Agnostic Facial Rigging via Multi-Source Supervision14 Sep 2026
- 2026AnyTalk: Speech Animation for Arbitrary Characters Leveraging a Video Generation Model17 Aug 2026
- 2026OmniFaceRig: Fully Automatic Inner-Mouth-Aware Face Rigging Across Diverse 3D Character Topologies6 Jun 2026
- 2026FreeTalk: Emotional Topology-Free 3D Talking Heads16 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Domain Agnostic Latent Embeddings of 3D Faces for Zero-shot Animal Expression Transfer10 Jan 2026
- 2025RigAnyFace: Scaling Neural Facial Mesh Auto-Rigging with Unlabeled Data23 Nov 2025
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfaces15 Oct 2025
- 2025Pain in 3D: Generating Controllable Synthetic Faces for Automated Pain Assessment20 Sep 2025
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshes27 Aug 2025
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargeting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Face Skinning for Mesh-agnostic Facial Expression Cloning28 May 2025
- 2025Category-Agnostic Neural Object Rigging26 May 2025
13 more
- 2025Anymate: A Dataset and Baselines for Learning 3D Object Rigging9 May 2025
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codes7 Apr 2025
- 2024PaNDaS: Learnable Deformation Modeling with Localized Control3 Dec 2024
- 2024Beyond Fixed Topologies: Unregistered Training and Comprehensive Evaluation Metrics for 3D Talking Heads14 Oct 2024
- 2024DICE: End-to-end Deformation Capture of Hand-Face Interactions from a Single Image26 Jun 2024
- 2024ShapeFusion: A 3D diffusion model for localized shape editing28 Mar 2024
- 2024LeGO: Leveraging a Surface Deformation Network for Animatable Stylized Face Generation with One Example22 Mar 2024
- 2024ScanTalk: 3D Talking Heads from Unregistered Scans16 Mar 2024
- 2024HeadEvolver: Text to Head Avatars via Expressive and Attribute-Preserving Mesh Deformation14 Mar 2024
- 2024Democratizing the Creation of Animatable Facial Avatars29 Jan 2024
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidance28 Jan 2024
- 2024Locally Adaptive Neural 3D Morphable Models5 Jan 2024
- 2023Basis restricted elastic shape analysis on the space of unregistered surfaces7 Nov 2023
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2025Anymate: A Dataset and Baselines for Learning 3D Object Riggingcited by 27
- 2024ScanTalk: 3D Talking Heads from Unregistered Scanscited by 22
- 2024HeadEvolver: Text to Head Avatars via Expressive and Attribute-Preserving Mesh Deformationcited by 11
- 2024DICE: End-to-end Deformation Capture of Hand-Face Interactions from a Single Imagecited by 9
- 2025Category-Agnostic Neural Object Riggingcited by 8
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfacescited by 6
- 2023Basis restricted elastic shape analysis on the space of unregistered surfacescited by 5
- 2024Locally Adaptive Neural 3D Morphable Modelscited by 5
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codescited by 5
- 2025Neural Face Skinning for Mesh-agnostic Facial Expression Cloningcited by 5
- 2024LeGO: Leveraging a Surface Deformation Network for Animatable Stylized Face Generation with One Examplecited by 4
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026TopoRig: Topology-Agnostic Facial Rigging via Multi-Source Supervision14 Sep 2026
- 2026OmniFaceRig: Fully Automatic Inner-Mouth-Aware Face Rigging Across Diverse 3D Character Topologies6 Jun 2026
- 2026FreeTalk: Emotional Topology-Free 3D Talking Heads16 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Domain Agnostic Latent Embeddings of 3D Faces for Zero-shot Animal Expression Transfer10 Jan 2026
- 2025RigAnyFace: Scaling Neural Facial Mesh Auto-Rigging with Unlabeled Data23 Nov 2025
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfaces15 Oct 2025
- 2025Pain in 3D: Generating Controllable Synthetic Faces for Automated Pain Assessment20 Sep 2025
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshes27 Aug 2025
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargeting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Face Skinning for Mesh-agnostic Facial Expression Cloning28 May 2025
- 2025Category-Agnostic Neural Object Rigging26 May 2025
- 2025Anymate: A Dataset and Baselines for Learning 3D Object Rigging9 May 2025
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)