mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges

arXiv 2303.13948 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2023cs.AIcited by 70

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Abstract (arXiv)

With the explosive growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, it has become vitally important to organize and represent the enormous volume of knowledge appropriately. As graph data, knowledge graphs accumulate and convey knowledge of the real world. It has been well-recognized that knowledge graphs effectively represent complex information; hence, they rapidly gain the attention of academia and industry in recent years. Thus to develop a deeper understanding of knowledge graphs, this paper presents a systematic overview of this field. Specifically, we focus on the opportunities and challenges of knowledge graphs. We first review the opportunities of knowledge graphs in terms of two aspects: (1) AI systems built upon knowledge graphs; (2) potential application fields of knowledge graphs. Then, we thoroughly discuss severe technical challenges in this field, such as knowledge graph embeddings, knowledge acquisition, knowledge graph completion, knowledge fusion, and knowledge reasoning. We expect that this survey will shed new light on future research and the development of knowledge graphs.

Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 68 of its 180 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2023.

Builds on

68 of 180 references.

References · 68

  1. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,375
  2. 2017Modeling Relational Data with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 1,694
  3. 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,138
  4. 2016Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Predictioncited by 902
  5. 2019RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Spacecited by 898
  6. 2019Graph Neural Networks for Social Recommendationcited by 714
  7. 2020A Survey on Knowledge Graphs: Representation, Acquisition and Applicationscited by 643
  8. 2020Knowledge Graphscited by 621
  9. 2016DeepSurv: Personalized Treatment Recommender System Using A Cox Proportional Hazards Deep Neural Networkcited by 358
  10. 2019KG-BERT: BERT for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 324
  11. 2019TuckER: Tensor Factorization for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 290
  12. 2017DeepPath: A Reinforcement Learning Method for Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 266
38 more
  1. 2018SimplE Embedding for Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphscited by 195
  2. 2015Holographic Embeddings of Knowledge Graphscited by 181
  3. 2019Quaternion Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 175
  4. 2020A Survey on Knowledge Graph-Based Recommender Systemscited by 170
  5. 2017A Novel Embedding Model for Knowledge Base Completion Based on Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 143
  6. 2021Graph Learning: A Surveycited by 141
  7. 2018RippleNet: Propagating User Preferences on the Knowledge Graph for Recommender Systemscited by 138
  8. 2019Learning Hierarchy-Aware Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Link Predictioncited by 133
  9. 2019Reinforcement Knowledge Graph Reasoning for Explainable Recommendationcited by 102
  10. 2020Knowledge Graph Embedding for Link Prediction: A Comparative Analysiscited by 85
  11. 2021ConE: Cone Embeddings for Multi-Hop Reasoning over Knowledge Graphscited by 78
  12. 2022Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Construction and Application: A Surveycited by 74
  13. 2019Multi-Task Feature Learning for Knowledge Graph Enhanced Recommendationcited by 71
  14. 2019Cross-lingual Knowledge Graph Alignment via Graph Matching Neural Networkcited by 68
  15. 2020Domain-specific Knowledge Graphs: A surveycited by 68
  16. 2020DGL-KE: Training Knowledge Graph Embeddings at Scalecited by 67
  17. 2018Improving Question Answering by Commonsense-Based Pre-Trainingcited by 66
  18. 2017Open-World Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 64
  19. 2017KBGAN: Adversarial Learning for Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 62
  20. 2013A Semantic Matching Energy Function for Learning with Multi-relational Datacited by 61
  21. 2019Long-tail Relation Extraction via Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Graph Convolution Networkscited by 61
  22. 2018Joint entity recognition and relation extraction as a multi-head selection problemcited by 59
  23. 2019InteractE: Improving Convolution-based Knowledge Graph Embeddings by Increasing Feature Interactionscited by 58
  24. 2018Commonsense for Generative Multi-Hop Question Answering Taskscited by 48
  25. 2018Deep Reasoning with Knowledge Graph for Social Relationship Understandingcited by 44
  26. 2020Realistic Re-evaluation of Knowledge Graph Completion Methods: An Experimental Studycited by 37
  27. 2021Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion using Box Embeddingscited by 34
  28. 2018Entity-Duet Neural Ranking: Understanding the Role of Knowledge Graph Semantics in Neural Information Retrievalcited by 33
  29. 2020COVID-19 Literature Knowledge Graph Construction and Drug Repurposing Report Generationcited by 32
  30. 2019Differentiable Reasoning on Large Knowledge Bases and Natural Languagecited by 30
  31. 2018AceKG: A Large-scale Knowledge Graph for Academic Data Miningcited by 28
  32. 2018Embedding Uncertain Knowledge Graphscited by 25
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  34. 2016Probabilistic Reasoning via Deep Learning: Neural Association Modelscited by 20
  35. 2019Knowledge Graph Transfer Network for Few-Shot Recognitioncited by 20
  36. 2020Shifu2: A Network Representation Learning Based Model for Advisor-advisee Relationship Miningcited by 20
  37. 2020Scientific Paper Recommendation: A Surveycited by 20
  38. 2020Deep Learning on Knowledge Graph for Recommender System: A Surveycited by 19

50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 24; 2025: 31; 2026: 11.

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  1. 2024Artificial Intelligence for Literature Reviews: Opportunities and Challengescited by 30
  2. 2024Generating Interesting Scientific Ideas using Knowledge Graphs and LLMs: Evaluations with 100 Research Group Leaderscited by 22
  3. 2024RAG-based Explainable Prediction of Road Users Behaviors for Automated Driving using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Modelscited by 20
  4. 2024Self-eXplainable AI for Medical Image Analysis: A Survey and New Outlookscited by 18
  5. 2024Enhancing Supply Chain Visibility with Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Modelscited by 11
  6. 2024LLM-Powered Explanations: Unraveling Recommendations Through Subgraph Reasoningcited by 10
  7. 2024Large Language Models for Scholarly Ontology Generation: An Extensive Analysis in the Engineering Fieldcited by 10
  8. 2024Converging Paradigms: The Synergy of Symbolic and Connectionist AI in LLM-Empowered Autonomous Agentscited by 9
  9. 2024A Survey on Knowledge Organization Systems of Research Fields: Resources and Challengescited by 9
  10. 2024Mitigating Propensity Bias of Large Language Models for Recommender Systemscited by 8
  11. 2024Safety Control of Service Robots with LLMs and Embodied Knowledge Graphscited by 7
  12. 2024Symmetric Graph Contrastive Learning against Noisy Views for Recommendationcited by 7
38 more
  1. 2024Deep Outdated Fact Detection in Knowledge Graphscited by 6
  2. 2024Patient-Centric Knowledge Graphs: A Survey of Current Methods, Challenges, and Applicationscited by 6
  3. 2025Biomedical Knowledge Graph: A Survey of Domains, Tasks, and Real-World Applicationscited by 6
  4. 2025Are We Measuring Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks Correctly?cited by 6
  5. 2025Optimizing Large Language Models for ESG Activity Detection in Financial Textscited by 5
  6. 2023Future-proofing geotechnics workflows: accelerating problem-solving with large language modelscited by 4
  7. 2025ThinkEval: Practical Evaluation of Knowledge Leakage in LLM Editing using Thought-based Knowledge Graphscited by 4
  8. 2025OKG-LLM: Aligning Ocean Knowledge Graph with Observation Data via LLMs for Global Sea Surface Temperature Predictioncited by 4
  9. 2023PSYCHIC: A Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Knowledge Graph Question-Answering Groundingcited by 3
  10. 2024Large Language Models Meet Graph Neural Networks: A Perspective of Graph Miningcited by 3
  11. 2025ConTextual: Improving Clinical Text Summarization in LLMs with Context-preserving Token Filtering and Knowledge Graphscited by 3
  12. 2025Dynamic Bundling with Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Inference on Text-Attributed Graphscited by 3
  13. 2025From Symbolic to Neural and Back: Exploring Knowledge Graph-Large Language Model Synergiescited by 3
  14. 2025An Epidemiological Knowledge Graph extracted from the World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak Newscited by 3
  15. 2024G-RAG: Knowledge Expansion in Material Sciencecited by 2
  16. 2025Modelling and Classifying the Components of a Literature Reviewcited by 2
  17. 2023Knowledge Graphs are not Created Equal: Exploring the Properties and Structure of Real KGscited by 1
  18. 2024Middle Architecture Criteriacited by 1
  19. 2024Multi-Faceted Question Complexity Estimation Targeting Topic Domain-Specificitycited by 1
  20. 2024Enhancing Natural Language Inference Performance with Knowledge Graph for COVID-19 Automated Fact-Checking in Indonesian Languagecited by 1
  21. 2024Chase Anonymisation: Privacy-Preserving Knowledge Graphs with Logical Reasoningcited by 1
  22. 2025"Don't Do That!": Guiding Embodied Systems through Large Language Model-based Constraint Generationcited by 1
  23. 2025Two-dimensional Taxonomy for N-ary Knowledge Representation Learning Methodscited by 1
  24. 2025HypoChainer: A Collaborative System Combining LLMs and Knowledge Graphs for Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Discoverycited by 1
  25. 2025KG-Augmented Executable CoT for Mathematical Codingcited by 1
  26. 2026Selective Forgetting: A Graph-Based Memory Framework for Long-Term LLM Agentscited by 1
  27. 2023Conceptual Engineering Using Large Language Modelscited by 0
  28. 2024A Framework for Leveraging Human Computation Gaming to Enhance Knowledge Graphs for Accuracy Critical Generative AI Applicationscited by 0
  29. 2024Guiding Catalogue Enrichment with User Queriescited by 0
  30. 2024Tripl`etoile: Extraction of Knowledge from Microblogging Textcited by 0
  31. 2024Empowering Domain-Specific Language Models with Graph-Oriented Databases: A Paradigm Shift in Performance and Model Maintenancecited by 0
  32. 2025MPRM: A Markov Path-based Rule Miner for Efficient and Interpretable Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 0
  33. 2025Fully Geometric Multi-Hop Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs with Transitive Relationscited by 0
  34. 2025OpenAg: Democratizing Agricultural Intelligencecited by 0
  35. 2025FAIRTOPIA: Envisioning Multi-Agent Guardianship for Disrupting Unfair AI Pipelinescited by 0
  36. 2025A Comparative Study of Task Adaptation Techniques of Large Language Models for Identifying Sustainable Development Goalscited by 0
  37. 2025medicX-KG: A Knowledge Graph for Pharmacists' Drug Information Needscited by 0
  38. 2025SCoRE: Streamlined Corpus-based Relation Extraction using Multi-Label Contrastive Learning and Bayesian kNNcited by 0

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