DGL-KE: Training Knowledge Graph Embeddings at Scale
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Abstract (arXiv)
Knowledge graphs have emerged as a key abstraction for organizing information in diverse domains and their embeddings are increasingly used to harness their information in various information retrieval and machine learning tasks. However, the ever growing size of knowledge graphs requires computationally efficient algorithms capable of scaling to graphs with millions of nodes and billions of edges. This paper presents DGL-KE, an open-source package to efficiently compute knowledge graph embeddings. DGL-KE introduces various novel optimizations that accelerate training on knowledge graphs with millions of nodes and billions of edges using multi-processing, multi-GPU, and distributed parallelism. These optimizations are designed to increase data locality, reduce communication overhead, overlap computations with memory accesses, and achieve high operation efficiency. Experiments on knowledge graphs consisting of over 86M nodes and 338M edges show that DGL-KE can compute embeddings in 100 minutes on an EC2 instance with 8 GPUs and 30 minutes on an EC2 cluster with 4 machines with 48 cores/machine. These results represent a 2x~5x speedup over the best competing approaches. DGL-KE is available on https://github.com/awslabs/dgl-ke.
Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 22; 2023: 15; 2024: 8; 2025: 11; 2026: 3.
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- 2021OGB-LSC: A Large-Scale Challenge for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 328
- 2022A Generalization of ViT/MLP-Mixer to Graphscited by 93
- 2023Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challengescited by 70
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2021Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machinecited by 29
- 2022MariusGNN: Resource-Efficient Out-of-Core Training of Graph Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2021Context-aware Entity Typing in Knowledge Graphscited by 12
- 2022Efficient and effective training of language and graph neural network modelscited by 9
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Predictioncited by 9
38 more
- 2021Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Sentence Reconstruction and Knowledge Base Priorscited by 8
- 2022Swift and Sure: Hardness-aware Contrastive Learning for Low-dimensional Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 8
- 2022NeuralKG: An Open Source Library for Diverse Representation Learning of Knowledge Graphscited by 8
- 2021Explainable Biomedical Recommendations via Reinforcement Learning Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 7
- 2022Mining On Alzheimer's Diseases Related Knowledge Graph to Identity Potential AD-related Semantic Triples for Drug Repurposingcited by 7
- 2023Vehicle Lane Change Prediction based on Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Bayesian Inferencecited by 7
- 2024GraphStorm: all-in-one graph machine learning framework for industry applicationscited by 7
- 2022A Retrieve-and-Read Framework for Knowledge Graph Link Predictioncited by 6
- 2023PubGraph: A Large-Scale Scientific Knowledge Graphcited by 6
- 2023KGrEaT: A Framework to Evaluate Knowledge Graphs via Downstream Taskscited by 6
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Queryingcited by 5
- 2022PIE: a Parameter and Inference Efficient Solution for Large Scale Knowledge Graph Embedding Reasoningcited by 4
- 2022μKG: A Library for Multi-source Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Applicationscited by 4
- 2023Tango: rethinking quantization for graph neural network training on GPUscited by 4
- 2022The DLCC Node Classification Benchmark for Analyzing Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 3
- 2022Extreme Acceleration of Graph Neural Network-based Prediction Models for Quantum Chemistrycited by 3
- 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphscited by 3
- 2024HDReason: Algorithm-Hardware Codesign for Hyperdimensional Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 3
- 2024Can Graph Neural Networks Expose Training Data Properties? An Efficient Risk Assessment Approachcited by 3
- 2021A Systematic Investigation of KB-Text Embedding Alignment at Scalecited by 2
- 2022BESS: Balanced Entity Sampling and Sharing for Large-Scale Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2023CS-lol: a Dataset of Viewer Comment with Scene in E-sports Live-streamingcited by 2
- 2023TwERC: High Performance Ensembled Candidate Generation for Ads Recommendation at Twittercited by 2
- 2023Literal-Aware Knowledge Graph Embedding for Welding Quality Monitoring: A Bosch Casecited by 2
- 2025Explainable Lane Change Prediction for Near-Crash Scenarios Using Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 2
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2025From Knowledge to Treatment: Large Language Model Assisted Biomedical Concept Representation for Drug Repurposingcited by 2
- 2026NGDB-Zoo: Towards Efficient and Scalable Neural Graph Databases Trainingcited by 2
- 2022DELATOR: Money Laundering Detection via Multi-Task Learning on Large Transaction Graphscited by 1
- 2022Assessing the Effects of Hyperparameters on Knowledge Graph Embedding Qualitycited by 1
- 2022Start Small, Think Big: On Hyperparameter Optimization for Large-Scale Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 1
- 2022Walk-and-Relate: A Random-Walk-based Algorithm for Representation Learning on Sparse Knowledge Graphscited by 1
- 2023NeuralKG-ind: A Python Library for Inductive Knowledge Graph Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2023Auto-Differentiation of Relational Computations for Very Large Scale Machine Learningcited by 1
- 2023Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Using Knowledge Graphscited by 1
- 2023Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 1
- 2024Synthetic Multimodal Dataset for Empowering Safety and Well-being in Home Environmentscited by 1
- 2024BloomGML: Graph Machine Learning through the Lens of Bilevel Optimizationcited by 1
50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026Scalable GNN-based Knowledge Graph Representation Learning with Efficient Message Passing28 Sep 2026
- 2026General Semantic Knowledge Infusion for Spatio-Temporal Traffic Forecasting18 Aug 2026
- 2026NGDB-Zoo: Towards Efficient and Scalable Neural Graph Databases Training25 Feb 2026
- 2025All-in-one Graph-based Indexing for Hybrid Search on GPUs2 Nov 2025
- 2025From Knowledge to Treatment: Large Language Model Assisted Biomedical Concept Representation for Drug Repurposing14 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing PyKEEN with Multiple Negative Sampling Solutions for Knowledge Graph Embedding Models7 Aug 2025
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storage2 Apr 2025
- 2025Deal: Distributed End-to-End GNN Inference for All Nodes4 Mar 2025
- 2025Corporate Fraud Detection in Rich-yet-Noisy Financial Graph26 Feb 2025
- 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2025SparseTransX: Efficient Training of Translation-Based Knowledge Graph Embeddings Using Sparse Matrix Operations24 Feb 2025
38 more
- 2025Explainable Lane Change Prediction for Near-Crash Scenarios Using Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Retrieval Augmented Generation20 Jan 2025
- 2025A Semantic Partitioning Method for Large-Scale Training of Knowledge Graph Embeddings8 Jan 2025
- 2024Can Graph Neural Networks Expose Training Data Properties? An Efficient Risk Assessment Approach6 Nov 2024
- 2024Leveraging User-Generated Reviews for Recommender Systems with Dynamic Headers11 Sep 2024
- 2024GraphStorm: all-in-one graph machine learning framework for industry applications10 Jun 2024
- 2024LinkLogic: A New Method and Benchmark for Explainable Knowledge Graph Predictions2 Jun 2024
- 2024HDReason: Algorithm-Hardware Codesign for Hyperdimensional Knowledge Graph Reasoning9 Mar 2024
- 2024BloomGML: Graph Machine Learning through the Lens of Bilevel Optimization7 Mar 2024
- 2024Synthetic Multimodal Dataset for Empowering Safety and Well-being in Home Environments26 Jan 2024
- 2024Edge-Enabled Anomaly Detection and Information Completion for Social Network Knowledge Graphs13 Jan 2024
- 2023Vehicle Lane Change Prediction based on Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Bayesian Inference11 Dec 2023
- 2023Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings23 Oct 2023
- 2023KGrEaT: A Framework to Evaluate Knowledge Graphs via Downstream Tasks21 Aug 2023
- 2023Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Using Knowledge Graphs8 Aug 2023
- 2023Literal-Aware Knowledge Graph Embedding for Welding Quality Monitoring: A Bosch Case2 Aug 2023
- 2023Tango: rethinking quantization for graph neural network training on GPUs2 Aug 2023
- 2023Auto-Differentiation of Relational Computations for Very Large Scale Machine Learning31 May 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Querying23 May 2023
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Prediction22 May 2023
- 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphs16 May 2023
- 2023NeuralKG-ind: A Python Library for Inductive Knowledge Graph Representation Learning28 Apr 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges24 Mar 2023
- 2023TwERC: High Performance Ensembled Candidate Generation for Ads Recommendation at Twitter27 Feb 2023
- 2023PubGraph: A Large-Scale Scientific Knowledge Graph4 Feb 2023
- 2023CS-lol: a Dataset of Viewer Comment with Scene in E-sports Live-streaming17 Jan 2023
- 2022A Generalization of ViT/MLP-Mixer to Graphs27 Dec 2022
- 2022A Retrieve-and-Read Framework for Knowledge Graph Link Prediction19 Dec 2022
- 2022Extreme Acceleration of Graph Neural Network-based Prediction Models for Quantum Chemistry25 Nov 2022
- 2022BESS: Balanced Entity Sampling and Sharing for Large-Scale Knowledge Graph Completion22 Nov 2022
- 2022Entity-Assisted Language Models for Identifying Check-worthy Sentences19 Nov 2022
- 2022Walk-and-Relate: A Random-Walk-based Algorithm for Representation Learning on Sparse Knowledge Graphs19 Sep 2022
- 2022μKG: A Library for Multi-source Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Applications23 Jul 2022
- 2022The DLCC Node Classification Benchmark for Analyzing Knowledge Graph Embeddings13 Jul 2022
- 2022Start Small, Think Big: On Hyperparameter Optimization for Large-Scale Knowledge Graph Embeddings11 Jul 2022
- 2022Assessing the Effects of Hyperparameters on Knowledge Graph Embedding Quality1 Jul 2022
- 2022Efficient and effective training of language and graph neural network models22 Jun 2022
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphs7 Jun 2022
- 2022DELATOR: Money Laundering Detection via Multi-Task Learning on Large Transaction Graphs20 May 2022
50 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2021OGB-LSC: A Large-Scale Challenge for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 328
- 2022A Generalization of ViT/MLP-Mixer to Graphscited by 93
- 2023Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challengescited by 70
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2021Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machinecited by 29
- 2022MariusGNN: Resource-Efficient Out-of-Core Training of Graph Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2021Context-aware Entity Typing in Knowledge Graphscited by 12
- 2022Efficient and effective training of language and graph neural network modelscited by 9
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Predictioncited by 9
12 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2026Scalable GNN-based Knowledge Graph Representation Learning with Efficient Message Passing28 Sep 2026
- 2026General Semantic Knowledge Infusion for Spatio-Temporal Traffic Forecasting18 Aug 2026
- 2025From Knowledge to Treatment: Large Language Model Assisted Biomedical Concept Representation for Drug Repurposing14 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing PyKEEN with Multiple Negative Sampling Solutions for Knowledge Graph Embedding Models7 Aug 2025
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storage2 Apr 2025
- 2025Deal: Distributed End-to-End GNN Inference for All Nodes4 Mar 2025
- 2025Corporate Fraud Detection in Rich-yet-Noisy Financial Graph26 Feb 2025
- 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2025SparseTransX: Efficient Training of Translation-Based Knowledge Graph Embeddings Using Sparse Matrix Operations24 Feb 2025
- 2025Explainable Lane Change Prediction for Near-Crash Scenarios Using Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Retrieval Augmented Generation20 Jan 2025
- 2025A Semantic Partitioning Method for Large-Scale Training of Knowledge Graph Embeddings8 Jan 2025
12 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)