mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Fusing Global and Local Features for Generalized AI-Synthesized Image Detection

arXiv 2203.13964 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2022cs.CVcited by 88

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Abstract (arXiv)

With the development of the Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and DeepFakes, AI-synthesized images are now of such high quality that humans can hardly distinguish them from real images. It is imperative for media forensics to develop detectors to expose them accurately. Existing detection methods have shown high performance in generated images detection, but they tend to generalize poorly in the real-world scenarios, where the synthetic images are usually generated with unseen models using unknown source data. In this work, we emphasize the importance of combining information from the whole image and informative patches in improving the generalization ability of AI-synthesized image detection. Specifically, we design a two-branch model to combine global spatial information from the whole image and local informative features from multiple patches selected by a novel patch selection module. Multi-head attention mechanism is further utilized to fuse the global and local features. We collect a highly diverse dataset synthesized by 19 models with various objects and resolutions to evaluate our model. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy and good generalization ability of our method in detecting generated images. Our code is available at https://github.com/littlejuyan/FusingGlobalandLocal.

Key facts. Cited by 88 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2022.

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35 of 41 references.

References · 35

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  10. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,299
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23 more
  1. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,039
  2. 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 847
  3. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 575
  4. 2018Learning to See in the Darkcited by 460
  5. 2015Autoencoding beyond pixels using a learned similarity metriccited by 407
  6. 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 341
  7. 2020What makes fake images detectable? Understanding properties that generalizecited by 273
  8. 2020The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Surveycited by 247
  9. 2017Photographic Image Synthesis with Cascaded Refinement Networkscited by 223
  10. 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-artcited by 139
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  12. 2018Diverse Image Synthesis from Semantic Layouts via Conditional IMLEcited by 60
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  14. 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Imagescited by 58
  15. 2020DeepFake Detection: Current Challenges and Next Stepscited by 44
  16. 2021FReTAL: Generalizing Deepfake Detection using Knowledge Distillation and Representation Learningcited by 44
  17. 2020Detecting CNN-Generated Facial Images in Real-World Scenarioscited by 32
  18. 2022GAN-generated Faces Detection: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 30
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  20. 2021Robust Attentive Deep Neural Network for Exposing GAN-generated Facescited by 28
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 6; 2024: 21; 2025: 31; 2026: 28.

88 papers.

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  1. 2022On the detection of synthetic images generated by diffusion modelscited by 283
  2. 2024A Sanity Check for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 189
  3. 2023Raising the Bar of AI-generated Image Detection with CLIPcited by 164
  4. 2024VidProM: A Million-scale Real Prompt-Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Video Diffusion Modelscited by 131
  5. 2023PatchCraft: Exploring Texture Patch for Efficient AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 122
  6. 2024SIDA: Social Media Image Deepfake Detection, Localization and Explanation with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 108
  7. 2024Improving Synthetic Image Detection Towards Generalization: An Image Transformation Perspectivecited by 89
  8. 2024Can ChatGPT Detect DeepFakes? A Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models for Media Forensicscited by 69
  9. 2025Spot the Fake: Large Multimodal Model-Based Synthetic Image Detection with Artifact Explanationcited by 68
  10. 2024FakeInversion: Learning to Detect Images from Unseen Text-to-Image Models by Inverting Stable Diffusioncited by 61
  11. 2024Any-Resolution AI-Generated Image Detection by Spectral Learningcited by 57
  12. 2023Generalizable Synthetic Image Detection via Language-guided Contrastive Learningcited by 49
38 more
  1. 2023AutoSplice: A Text-prompt Manipulated Image Dataset for Media Forensicscited by 46
  2. 2025CO-SPY: Combining Semantic and Pixel Features to Detect Synthetic Images by AIcited by 42
  3. 2024FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  4. 2025AIGI-Holmes: Towards Explainable and Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 33
  5. 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
  6. 2025Bridging the Gap Between Ideal and Real-world Evaluation: Benchmarking AI-Generated Image Detection in Challenging Scenarioscited by 24
  7. 2024TGIF: Text-Guided Inpainting Forgery Datasetcited by 20
  8. 2023Improving Synthetically Generated Image Detection in Cross-Concept Settingscited by 15
  9. 2026Your One-Stop Solution for AI-Generated Video Detectioncited by 15
  10. 2024Synthetic Image Verification in the Era of Generative AI: What Works and What Isn't There Yetcited by 13
  11. 2024Uncertainty-Guided Appearance-Motion Association Network for Out-of-Distribution Action Detectioncited by 12
  12. 2025Methods and Trends in Detecting AI-Generated Images: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 12
  13. 2024Data-Independent Operator: A Training-Free Artifact Representation Extractor for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 11
  14. 2025Navigating the Challenges of AI-Generated Image Detection in the Wild: What Truly Matters?cited by 10
  15. 2024TextureCrop: Enhancing Synthetic Image Detection through Texture-based Croppingcited by 9
  16. 2024TIP-I2V: A Million-Scale Real Text and Image Prompt Dataset for Image-to-Video Generationcited by 9
  17. 2024Evolution of Detection Performance throughout the Online Lifespan of Synthetic Imagescited by 8
  18. 2025Rethinking Cross-Generator Image Forgery Detection through DINOv3cited by 8
  19. 2024Detecting Origin Attribution for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 7
  20. 2025DFBench: Benchmarking Deepfake Image Detection Capability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 7
  21. 2026Simplicity Prevails: The Emergence of Generalizable AIGI Detection in Visual Foundation Modelscited by 7
  22. 2024Continuous fake media detection: adapting deepfake detectors to new generative techniquescited by 6
  23. 2024ODDN: Addressing Unpaired Data Challenges in Open-World Deepfake Detection on Online Social Networkscited by 6
  24. 2024FairAdapter: Detecting AI-generated Images with Improved Fairnesscited by 6
  25. 2025Self-Supervised AI-Generated Image Detection: A Camera Metadata Perspectivecited by 6
  26. 2025CausalCLIP: Causally-Informed Feature Disentanglement and Filtering for Generalizable Detection of Generated Imagescited by 6
  27. 2023Synthetic Image Detection: Highlights from the IEEE Video and Image Processing Cup 2022 Student Competitioncited by 5
  28. 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Imagescited by 5
  29. 2025Multimodal Conditional Information Bottleneck for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 5
  30. 2025Pay Less Attention to Deceptive Artifacts: Robust Detection of Compressed Deepfakes on Online Social Networkscited by 5
  31. 2025DINO-Detect: A Simple yet Effective Framework for Blur-Robust AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 5
  32. 2026Where Detectors Fail: Probing Generative Space for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 5
  33. 2025SFLD: Reducing the content bias for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 4
  34. 2026FakeVLM-R1: Internalizing Physical Laws via CoT for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 4
  35. 2024DeepFake-O-Meter v2.0: An Open Platform for DeepFake Detectioncited by 3
  36. 2025Can GPT tell us why these images are synthesized? Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Forensicscited by 3
  37. 2025When Semantics Regulate: Rethinking Patch Shuffle and Internal Bias for Generated Image Detection with CLIPcited by 3
  38. 2026VIGIL: Part-Grounded Structured Reasoning for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 3

50 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)