Finding Facial Forgery Artifacts with Parts-Based Detectors
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Abstract (arXiv)
Manipulated videos, especially those where the identity of an individual has been modified using deep neural networks, are becoming an increasingly relevant threat in the modern day. In this paper, we seek to develop a generalizable, explainable solution to detecting these manipulated videos. To achieve this, we design a series of forgery detection systems that each focus on one individual part of the face. These parts-based detection systems, which can be combined and used together in a single architecture, meet all of our desired criteria - they generalize effectively between datasets and give us valuable insights into what the network is looking at when making its decision. We thus use these detectors to perform detailed empirical analysis on the FaceForensics++, Celeb-DF, and Facebook Deepfake Detection Challenge datasets, examining not just what the detectors find but also collecting and analyzing useful related statistics on the datasets themselves.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2021.
Builds on
20 of 36 references.
References · 20
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- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
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- 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
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8 more
- 2019Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Modelscited by 284
- 2020What makes fake images detectable? Understanding properties that generalizecited by 272
- 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
- 2022Fusing Global and Local Features for Generalized AI-Synthesized Image Detectioncited by 88
- 2022Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
- 2023RetouchingFFHQ: A Large-scale Dataset for Fine-grained Face Retouching Detectioncited by 5
- 2026Face2Parts: Exploring Coarse-to-Fine Inter-Regional Facial Dependencies for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2024DeepFake-O-Meter v2.0: An Open Platform for DeepFake Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Can GPT tell us why these images are synthesized? Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Forensicscited by 3
- 2022Deepfake Detection via Joint Unsupervised Reconstruction and Supervised Classificationcited by 1
- 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videoscited by 1
- 2025Knowledge-Guided Prompt Learning for Deepfake Facial Image Detectioncited by 1
- 2026PATE-Forensics: Perception-as-Tool for Explainable Deepfake Forensics with General-Purpose MLLMs19 Aug 2026
- 2026Face2Parts: Exploring Coarse-to-Fine Inter-Regional Facial Dependencies for Generalized Deepfake Detection27 Mar 2026
- 2025Can GPT tell us why these images are synthesized? Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Forensics16 Apr 2025
- 2025Knowledge-Guided Prompt Learning for Deepfake Facial Image Detection1 Jan 2025
- 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videos27 Nov 2024
- 2024DeepFake-O-Meter v2.0: An Open Platform for DeepFake Detection19 Apr 2024
- 2023RetouchingFFHQ: A Large-scale Dataset for Fine-grained Face Retouching Detection20 Jul 2023
- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detection27 Apr 2023
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detection30 Mar 2023
- 2022Exploring Depth Information for Face Manipulation Detection29 Dec 2022
- 2022Deepfake Detection via Joint Unsupervised Reconstruction and Supervised Classification24 Nov 2022
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection16 Nov 2022
- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
- 2022Fusing Global and Local Features for Generalized AI-Synthesized Image Detectioncited by 88
- 2022Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
- 2023RetouchingFFHQ: A Large-scale Dataset for Fine-grained Face Retouching Detectioncited by 5
- 2026Face2Parts: Exploring Coarse-to-Fine Inter-Regional Facial Dependencies for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2024DeepFake-O-Meter v2.0: An Open Platform for DeepFake Detectioncited by 3
- 2022Deepfake Detection via Joint Unsupervised Reconstruction and Supervised Classificationcited by 1
- 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videoscited by 1
- 2025Knowledge-Guided Prompt Learning for Deepfake Facial Image Detectioncited by 1
- 2022Exploring Depth Information for Face Manipulation Detectioncited by 0
- 2026PATE-Forensics: Perception-as-Tool for Explainable Deepfake Forensics with General-Purpose MLLMscited by 0
- 2026PATE-Forensics: Perception-as-Tool for Explainable Deepfake Forensics with General-Purpose MLLMs19 Aug 2026
- 2026Face2Parts: Exploring Coarse-to-Fine Inter-Regional Facial Dependencies for Generalized Deepfake Detection27 Mar 2026
- 2025Knowledge-Guided Prompt Learning for Deepfake Facial Image Detection1 Jan 2025
- 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videos27 Nov 2024
- 2024DeepFake-O-Meter v2.0: An Open Platform for DeepFake Detection19 Apr 2024
- 2023RetouchingFFHQ: A Large-scale Dataset for Fine-grained Face Retouching Detection20 Jul 2023
- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detection27 Apr 2023
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detection30 Mar 2023
- 2022Exploring Depth Information for Face Manipulation Detection29 Dec 2022
- 2022Deepfake Detection via Joint Unsupervised Reconstruction and Supervised Classification24 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detection30 Sep 2022
- 2022Fusing Global and Local Features for Generalized AI-Synthesized Image Detection26 Mar 2022