PredictionNet: Real-Time Joint Probabilistic Traffic Prediction for Planning, Control, and Simulation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Predicting the future motion of traffic agents is crucial for safe and efficient autonomous driving. To this end, we present PredictionNet, a deep neural network (DNN) that predicts the motion of all surrounding traffic agents together with the ego-vehicle's motion. All predictions are probabilistic and are represented in a simple top-down rasterization that allows an arbitrary number of agents. Conditioned on a multi-layer map with lane information, the network outputs future positions, velocities, and backtrace vectors jointly for all agents including the ego-vehicle in a single pass. Trajectories are then extracted from the output. The network can be used to simulate realistic traffic, and it produces competitive results on popular benchmarks. More importantly, it has been used to successfully control a real-world vehicle for hundreds of kilometers, by combining it with a motion planning/control subsystem. The network runs faster than real-time on an embedded GPU, and the system shows good generalization (across sensory modalities and locations) due to the choice of input representation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by extending the DNN with reinforcement learning (RL), it can better handle rare or unsafe events like aggressive maneuvers and crashes.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2021.
Builds on
30 of 40 references.
References · 30
- 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,885
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,241
- 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,919
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,449
- 2016OpenAI Gymcited by 1,736
- 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 721
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 530
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 485
- 2019MultiPath: Multiple Probabilistic Anchor Trajectory Hypotheses for Behavior Predictioncited by 420
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18 more
- 2020TNT: Target-driveN Trajectory Predictioncited by 347
- 2016Safe, Multi-Agent, Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 311
- 2017DESIRE: Distant Future Prediction in Dynamic Scenes with Interacting Agentscited by 310
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 242
- 2019INTERACTION Dataset: An INTERnational, Adversarial and Cooperative moTION Dataset in Interactive Driving Scenarios with Semantic Mapscited by 231
- 2021TrafficSim: Learning to Simulate Realistic Multi-Agent Behaviorscited by 193
- 2019PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settingscited by 179
- 2020Implicit Latent Variable Model for Scene-Consistent Motion Forecastingcited by 116
- 2018Baidu Apollo EM Motion Plannercited by 100
- 2019Model-free Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Autonomous Drivingcited by 98
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- 2019Model-Predictive Policy Learning with Uncertainty Regularization for Driving in Dense Trafficcited by 50
- 2019Driving in Dense Traffic with Model-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
- 2021Imagining The Road Ahead: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Differentiable Simulationcited by 32
- 2020MultiXNet: Multiclass Multistage Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 31
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- 2019Agent Modeling as Auxiliary Task for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 12; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
29 papers.
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- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
- 2022Learning from All Vehiclescited by 135
- 2022ScePT: Scene-consistent, Policy-based Trajectory Predictions for Planningcited by 64
- 2023TrafficBots: Towards World Models for Autonomous Driving Simulation and Motion Predictioncited by 56
- 2024HIMap: HybrId Representation Learning for End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 48
- 2023Real-Time Motion Prediction via Heterogeneous Polyline Transformer with Relative Pose Encodingcited by 33
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Expertscited by 29
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2024CtRL-Sim: Reactive and Controllable Driving Agents with Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
- 2024Improving Agent Behaviors with RL Fine-tuning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Learning Realistic Traffic Agents in Closed-loopcited by 24
- 2022Expanding the Deployment Envelope of Behavior Prediction via Adaptive Meta-Learningcited by 23
17 more
- 2024Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 18
- 2023Context-Aware Timewise VAEs for Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Predictioncited by 12
- 2023Categorical Traffic Transformer: Interpretable and Diverse Behavior Prediction with Tokenized Latentcited by 10
- 2022STrajNet: Multi-modal Hierarchical Transformer for Occupancy Flow Field Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2023Occupancy Prediction-Guided Neural Planner for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Predictioncited by 8
- 2022Receding Horizon Planning with Rule Hierarchies for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 7
- 2023Exploring Navigation Maps for Learning-Based Motion Predictioncited by 5
- 2025DecompGAIL: Learning Realistic Traffic Behaviors with Decomposed Multi-Agent Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 5
- 2023Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learningcited by 4
- 2023CASPNet++: Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 4
- 2023OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Predictioncited by 4
- 2022Zhuyi: Perception Processing Rate Estimation for Safety in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
- 2023Multi-Predictor Fusion: Combining Learning-based and Rule-based Trajectory Predictorscited by 3
- 2025SceneStreamer: Continuous Scenario Generation as Next Token Group Predictioncited by 2
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2024C2INet: Realizing Incremental Trajectory Prediction with Prior-Aware Continual Causal Interventioncited by 0
- 2025DecompGAIL: Learning Realistic Traffic Behaviors with Decomposed Multi-Agent Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning8 Oct 2025
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Driving28 Sep 2025
- 2025SceneStreamer: Continuous Scenario Generation as Next Token Group Prediction29 Jun 2025
- 2024C2INet: Realizing Incremental Trajectory Prediction with Prior-Aware Continual Causal Intervention19 Nov 2024
- 2024Improving Agent Behaviors with RL Fine-tuning for Autonomous Driving26 Sep 2024
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Prediction30 Apr 2024
- 2024CtRL-Sim: Reactive and Controllable Driving Agents with Offline Reinforcement Learning29 Mar 2024
- 2024HIMap: HybrId Representation Learning for End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Construction13 Mar 2024
- 2024Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Driving4 Feb 2024
- 2023Categorical Traffic Transformer: Interpretable and Diverse Behavior Prediction with Tokenized Latent30 Nov 2023
- 2023OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Prediction4 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Realistic Traffic Agents in Closed-loop2 Nov 2023
17 more
- 2023Real-Time Motion Prediction via Heterogeneous Polyline Transformer with Relative Pose Encoding19 Oct 2023
- 2023CASPNet++: Joint Multi-Agent Motion Prediction15 Aug 2023
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Review10 Aug 2023
- 2023Multi-Predictor Fusion: Combining Learning-based and Rule-based Trajectory Predictors3 Jul 2023
- 2023Occupancy Prediction-Guided Neural Planner for Autonomous Driving5 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learning24 Mar 2023
- 2023TrafficBots: Towards World Models for Autonomous Driving Simulation and Motion Prediction7 Mar 2023
- 2023Context-Aware Timewise VAEs for Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Prediction21 Feb 2023
- 2023Exploring Navigation Maps for Learning-Based Motion Prediction13 Feb 2023
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Driving20 Dec 2022
- 2022Receding Horizon Planning with Rule Hierarchies for Autonomous Vehicles6 Dec 2022
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Experts3 Nov 2022
- 2022Expanding the Deployment Envelope of Behavior Prediction via Adaptive Meta-Learning23 Sep 2022
- 2022STrajNet: Multi-modal Hierarchical Transformer for Occupancy Flow Field Prediction in Autonomous Driving31 Jul 2022
- 2022ScePT: Scene-consistent, Policy-based Trajectory Predictions for Planning18 Jun 2022
- 2022Zhuyi: Perception Processing Rate Estimation for Safety in Autonomous Vehicles6 May 2022
- 2022Learning from All Vehicles22 Mar 2022
- 2022Learning from All Vehiclescited by 135
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Expertscited by 29
- 2024CtRL-Sim: Reactive and Controllable Driving Agents with Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
- 2024Improving Agent Behaviors with RL Fine-tuning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2024Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 18
- 2023Occupancy Prediction-Guided Neural Planner for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2022Receding Horizon Planning with Rule Hierarchies for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 7
- 2023Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learningcited by 4
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Driving28 Sep 2025
- 2024Improving Agent Behaviors with RL Fine-tuning for Autonomous Driving26 Sep 2024
- 2024CtRL-Sim: Reactive and Controllable Driving Agents with Offline Reinforcement Learning29 Mar 2024
- 2024Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Driving4 Feb 2024
- 2023Occupancy Prediction-Guided Neural Planner for Autonomous Driving5 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learning24 Mar 2023
- 2022Receding Horizon Planning with Rule Hierarchies for Autonomous Vehicles6 Dec 2022
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Experts3 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning from All Vehicles22 Mar 2022
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
- 2022ScePT: Scene-consistent, Policy-based Trajectory Predictions for Planningcited by 64
- 2024HIMap: HybrId Representation Learning for End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 48
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2023Learning Realistic Traffic Agents in Closed-loopcited by 24
- 2022Expanding the Deployment Envelope of Behavior Prediction via Adaptive Meta-Learningcited by 23
- 2023Context-Aware Timewise VAEs for Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Predictioncited by 12
- 2023Categorical Traffic Transformer: Interpretable and Diverse Behavior Prediction with Tokenized Latentcited by 10
- 2022STrajNet: Multi-modal Hierarchical Transformer for Occupancy Flow Field Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Predictioncited by 8
- 2023CASPNet++: Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 4
- 2023OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Predictioncited by 4
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025SceneStreamer: Continuous Scenario Generation as Next Token Group Prediction29 Jun 2025
- 2024C2INet: Realizing Incremental Trajectory Prediction with Prior-Aware Continual Causal Intervention19 Nov 2024
- 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Prediction30 Apr 2024
- 2024HIMap: HybrId Representation Learning for End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Construction13 Mar 2024
- 2023Categorical Traffic Transformer: Interpretable and Diverse Behavior Prediction with Tokenized Latent30 Nov 2023
- 2023OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Prediction4 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Realistic Traffic Agents in Closed-loop2 Nov 2023
- 2023CASPNet++: Joint Multi-Agent Motion Prediction15 Aug 2023
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Review10 Aug 2023
- 2023Multi-Predictor Fusion: Combining Learning-based and Rule-based Trajectory Predictors3 Jul 2023
- 2023Context-Aware Timewise VAEs for Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Prediction21 Feb 2023
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Driving20 Dec 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)