mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PredictionNet: Real-Time Joint Probabilistic Traffic Prediction for Planning, Control, and Simulation

arXiv 2109.11094 ↗First posted 23 Sep 2021cs.RO cs.LGcited by 29

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Abstract (arXiv)

Predicting the future motion of traffic agents is crucial for safe and efficient autonomous driving. To this end, we present PredictionNet, a deep neural network (DNN) that predicts the motion of all surrounding traffic agents together with the ego-vehicle's motion. All predictions are probabilistic and are represented in a simple top-down rasterization that allows an arbitrary number of agents. Conditioned on a multi-layer map with lane information, the network outputs future positions, velocities, and backtrace vectors jointly for all agents including the ego-vehicle in a single pass. Trajectories are then extracted from the output. The network can be used to simulate realistic traffic, and it produces competitive results on popular benchmarks. More importantly, it has been used to successfully control a real-world vehicle for hundreds of kilometers, by combining it with a motion planning/control subsystem. The network runs faster than real-time on an embedded GPU, and the system shows good generalization (across sensory modalities and locations) due to the choice of input representation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by extending the DNN with reinforcement learning (RL), it can better handle rare or unsafe events like aggressive maneuvers and crashes.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2021.

Builds on

30 of 40 references.

References · 30

  1. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,885
  2. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
  3. 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
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  5. 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,919
  6. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,449
  7. 2016OpenAI Gymcited by 1,736
  8. 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 721
  9. 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 530
  10. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 485
  11. 2019MultiPath: Multiple Probabilistic Anchor Trajectory Hypotheses for Behavior Predictioncited by 420
  12. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 397
18 more
  1. 2020TNT: Target-driveN Trajectory Predictioncited by 347
  2. 2016Safe, Multi-Agent, Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 311
  3. 2017DESIRE: Distant Future Prediction in Dynamic Scenes with Interacting Agentscited by 310
  4. 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 242
  5. 2019INTERACTION Dataset: An INTERnational, Adversarial and Cooperative moTION Dataset in Interactive Driving Scenarios with Semantic Mapscited by 231
  6. 2021TrafficSim: Learning to Simulate Realistic Multi-Agent Behaviorscited by 193
  7. 2019PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settingscited by 179
  8. 2020Implicit Latent Variable Model for Scene-Consistent Motion Forecastingcited by 116
  9. 2018Baidu Apollo EM Motion Plannercited by 100
  10. 2019Model-free Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Autonomous Drivingcited by 98
  11. 2021SimNet: Learning Reactive Self-driving Simulations from Real-world Observationscited by 77
  12. 2019Jointly Learnable Behavior and Trajectory Planning for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 51
  13. 2019Model-Predictive Policy Learning with Uncertainty Regularization for Driving in Dense Trafficcited by 50
  14. 2019Driving in Dense Traffic with Model-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
  15. 2021Imagining The Road Ahead: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Differentiable Simulationcited by 32
  16. 2020MultiXNet: Multiclass Multistage Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 31
  17. 2020ReCoG: A Deep Learning Framework with Heterogeneous Graph for Interaction-Aware Trajectory Predictioncited by 20
  18. 2019Agent Modeling as Auxiliary Task for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 14

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 12; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.

29 papers.

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  1. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
  2. 2022Learning from All Vehiclescited by 135
  3. 2022ScePT: Scene-consistent, Policy-based Trajectory Predictions for Planningcited by 64
  4. 2023TrafficBots: Towards World Models for Autonomous Driving Simulation and Motion Predictioncited by 56
  5. 2024HIMap: HybrId Representation Learning for End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 48
  6. 2023Real-Time Motion Prediction via Heterogeneous Polyline Transformer with Relative Pose Encodingcited by 33
  7. 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Expertscited by 29
  8. 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
  9. 2024CtRL-Sim: Reactive and Controllable Driving Agents with Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
  10. 2024Improving Agent Behaviors with RL Fine-tuning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
  11. 2023Learning Realistic Traffic Agents in Closed-loopcited by 24
  12. 2022Expanding the Deployment Envelope of Behavior Prediction via Adaptive Meta-Learningcited by 23
17 more
  1. 2024Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 18
  2. 2023Context-Aware Timewise VAEs for Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Predictioncited by 12
  3. 2023Categorical Traffic Transformer: Interpretable and Diverse Behavior Prediction with Tokenized Latentcited by 10
  4. 2022STrajNet: Multi-modal Hierarchical Transformer for Occupancy Flow Field Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  5. 2023Occupancy Prediction-Guided Neural Planner for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  6. 2024MoST: Multi-modality Scene Tokenization for Motion Predictioncited by 8
  7. 2022Receding Horizon Planning with Rule Hierarchies for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 7
  8. 2023Exploring Navigation Maps for Learning-Based Motion Predictioncited by 5
  9. 2025DecompGAIL: Learning Realistic Traffic Behaviors with Decomposed Multi-Agent Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 5
  10. 2023Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learningcited by 4
  11. 2023CASPNet++: Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 4
  12. 2023OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Predictioncited by 4
  13. 2022Zhuyi: Perception Processing Rate Estimation for Safety in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
  14. 2023Multi-Predictor Fusion: Combining Learning-based and Rule-based Trajectory Predictorscited by 3
  15. 2025SceneStreamer: Continuous Scenario Generation as Next Token Group Predictioncited by 2
  16. 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  17. 2024C2INet: Realizing Incremental Trajectory Prediction with Prior-Aware Continual Causal Interventioncited by 0