mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2402.02426 ↗First posted 4 Feb 2024cs.RO cs.CV cs.LGcited by 18

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

Abstract (arXiv)

Autonomous driving systems require the ability to fully understand and predict the surrounding environment to make informed decisions in complex scenarios. Recent advancements in learning-based systems have highlighted the importance of integrating prediction and planning modules. However, this integration has brought forth three major challenges: inherent trade-offs by sole prediction, consistency between prediction patterns, and social coherence in prediction and planning. To address these challenges, we introduce a hybrid-prediction integrated planning (HPP) system, which possesses three novelly designed modules. First, we introduce marginal-conditioned occupancy prediction to align joint occupancy with agent-wise perceptions. Our proposed MS-OccFormer module achieves multi-stage alignment per occupancy forecasting with consistent awareness from agent-wise motion predictions. Second, we propose a game-theoretic motion predictor, GTFormer, to model the interactive future among individual agents with their joint predictive awareness. Third, hybrid prediction patterns are concurrently integrated with Ego Planner and optimized by prediction guidance. HPP achieves state-of-the-art performance on the nuScenes dataset, demonstrating superior accuracy and consistency for end-to-end paradigms in prediction and planning. Moreover, we test the long-term open-loop and closed-loop performance of HPP on the Waymo Open Motion Dataset and CARLA benchmark, surpassing other integrated prediction and planning pipelines with enhanced accuracy and compatibility.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 67 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2024.

Builds on

67 of 81 references.

Closest ancestors · 7

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023GameFormer: Game-theoretic Modeling and Learning of Transformer-based Interactive Prediction and Planning for Autonomous Driving10 Mar
  2. 2023Learning Interaction-aware Motion Prediction Model for Decision-making in Autonomous Driving8 Feb
  3. 2022Conditional Predictive Behavior Planning with Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Human-like Autonomous Driving17 Dec
  4. 2022Differentiable Integrated Motion Prediction and Planning with Learnable Cost Function for Autonomous Driving21 Jul
  5. 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradients28 Apr
  6. 2021Urban Driver: Learning to Drive from Real-world Demonstrations Using Policy Gradients27 Sep
  7. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coach18 Aug

Other references · 60

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  3. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  4. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
  5. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  6. 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
  7. 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
  8. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
  9. 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
  10. 2021Large Scale Interactive Motion Forecasting for Autonomous Driving : The Waymo Open Motion Datasetcited by 532
  11. 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 527
  12. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
38 more
  1. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
  2. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
  3. 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
  4. 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
  5. 2023Driving into the Future: Multiview Visual Forecasting and Planning with World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 309
  6. 2022Motion Transformer with Global Intention Localization and Local Movement Refinementcited by 267
  7. 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Predictioncited by 246
  8. 2023Is Ego Status All You Need for Open-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 242
  9. 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
  10. 2021FIERY: Future Instance Prediction in Bird's-Eye View from Surround Monocular Camerascited by 239
  11. 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 211
  12. 2023Scene as Occupancycited by 208
  13. 2021Multimodal Motion Prediction with Stacked Transformerscited by 207
  14. 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
  15. 2019PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settingscited by 178
  16. 2023A Language Agent for Autonomous Drivingcited by 161
  17. 2020PnPNet: End-to-End Perception and Prediction with Tracking in the Loopcited by 143
  18. 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 142
  19. 2020Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 141
  20. 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
  21. 2022ViP3D: End-to-end Visual Trajectory Prediction via 3D Agent Queriescited by 116
  22. 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encodingcited by 109
  23. 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
  24. 2021THOMAS: Trajectory Heatmap Output with learned Multi-Agent Samplingcited by 101
  25. 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Drivingcited by 97
  26. 2022Differentiable Raycasting for Self-supervised Occupancy Forecastingcited by 83
  27. 2022BITS: Bi-level Imitation for Traffic Simulationcited by 80
  28. 2018Deep Imitative Models for Flexible Inference, Planning, and Controlcited by 75
  29. 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveyscited by 75
  30. 2021Multi-modal Motion Prediction with Transformer-based Neural Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 73
  31. 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Drivingcited by 67
  32. 2022Occupancy Flow Fields for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 62
  33. 2022StretchBEV: Stretching Future Instance Prediction Spatially and Temporallycited by 47
  34. 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 36
  35. 2021PredictionNet: Real-Time Joint Probabilistic Traffic Prediction for Planning, Control, and Simulationcited by 29
  36. 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Expertscited by 28
  37. 2019Differentiable Gaussian Process Motion Planningcited by 27
  38. 2022Deep Interactive Motion Prediction and Planning: Playing Games with Motion Prediction Modelscited by 27

50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.

18 papers.

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  1. 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 252
  2. 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
  3. 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 34
  4. 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
  5. 2026UniDriveVLA: Unifying Understanding, Perception, and Action Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
  6. 2026AutoMoT: A Unified Vision-Language-Action Model with Asynchronous Mixture-of-Transformers for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
  7. 2024Risk-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Under Safety-Critical Scenarioscited by 7
  8. 2026Driver-WM: A Driver-Centric Traffic-Conditioned Latent World Model for In-Cabin Dynamics Rolloutcited by 6
  9. 2025CoPlanner: An Interactive Motion Planner with Contingency-Aware Diffusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
  10. 2026VLGA: Vision-Language-Geometry-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
  11. 2026Teaching Vision-Language-Action Models What to See and Where to Lookcited by 1
  12. 2025Robust Planning for Autonomous Driving via Mixed Adversarial Diffusion Predictionscited by 0
6 more
  1. 2025CCLSTM: Coupled Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Network for Occupancy Flow Forecastingcited by 0
  2. 2025NeRC: Neural Ranging Correction through Differentiable Moving Horizon Location Estimationcited by 0
  3. 2025From Human Intention to Action Prediction: Intention-Driven End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
  4. 2026SAIL: Scene-aware Adaptive Iterative Learning for Long-Tail Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 0
  5. 2026GPOcc++: Unified Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Prediction with Visual Geometry Priorscited by 0
  6. 2026INTERACT: Interactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Anchor-Conditioned Prediction and Trust-Region Refinementcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Perfect Prediction or Plenty of Proposals? What Matters Most in Planning for Autonomous Driving
  2. 2025Predictive Planner for Autonomous Driving with Consistency Models
  3. 2021Instance-Aware Predictive Navigation in Multi-Agent Environments
  4. 2025Driving is a Game: Combining Planning and Prediction with Bayesian Iterative Best Response
  5. 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving
  6. 2024Hybrid Imitation-Learning Motion Planner for Urban Driving
  7. 2021Scene Transformer: A unified architecture for predicting multiple agent trajectories
  8. 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Driving