Hybrid-Prediction Integrated Planning for Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
Autonomous driving systems require the ability to fully understand and predict the surrounding environment to make informed decisions in complex scenarios. Recent advancements in learning-based systems have highlighted the importance of integrating prediction and planning modules. However, this integration has brought forth three major challenges: inherent trade-offs by sole prediction, consistency between prediction patterns, and social coherence in prediction and planning. To address these challenges, we introduce a hybrid-prediction integrated planning (HPP) system, which possesses three novelly designed modules. First, we introduce marginal-conditioned occupancy prediction to align joint occupancy with agent-wise perceptions. Our proposed MS-OccFormer module achieves multi-stage alignment per occupancy forecasting with consistent awareness from agent-wise motion predictions. Second, we propose a game-theoretic motion predictor, GTFormer, to model the interactive future among individual agents with their joint predictive awareness. Third, hybrid prediction patterns are concurrently integrated with Ego Planner and optimized by prediction guidance. HPP achieves state-of-the-art performance on the nuScenes dataset, demonstrating superior accuracy and consistency for end-to-end paradigms in prediction and planning. Moreover, we test the long-term open-loop and closed-loop performance of HPP on the Waymo Open Motion Dataset and CARLA benchmark, surpassing other integrated prediction and planning pipelines with enhanced accuracy and compatibility.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 67 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2024.
Builds on
67 of 81 references.
Closest ancestors · 7
Same direction, newest first
- 2023GameFormer: Game-theoretic Modeling and Learning of Transformer-based Interactive Prediction and Planning for Autonomous Driving10 Mar
- 2023Learning Interaction-aware Motion Prediction Model for Decision-making in Autonomous Driving8 Feb
- 2022Conditional Predictive Behavior Planning with Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Human-like Autonomous Driving17 Dec
- 2022Differentiable Integrated Motion Prediction and Planning with Learnable Cost Function for Autonomous Driving21 Jul
- 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradients28 Apr
- 2021Urban Driver: Learning to Drive from Real-world Demonstrations Using Policy Gradients27 Sep
- 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coach18 Aug
Other references · 60
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2021Large Scale Interactive Motion Forecasting for Autonomous Driving : The Waymo Open Motion Datasetcited by 532
- 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 527
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
38 more
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
- 2023Driving into the Future: Multiview Visual Forecasting and Planning with World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 309
- 2022Motion Transformer with Global Intention Localization and Local Movement Refinementcited by 267
- 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Predictioncited by 246
- 2023Is Ego Status All You Need for Open-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 242
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
- 2021FIERY: Future Instance Prediction in Bird's-Eye View from Surround Monocular Camerascited by 239
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 211
- 2023Scene as Occupancycited by 208
- 2021Multimodal Motion Prediction with Stacked Transformerscited by 207
- 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
- 2019PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settingscited by 178
- 2023A Language Agent for Autonomous Drivingcited by 161
- 2020PnPNet: End-to-End Perception and Prediction with Tracking in the Loopcited by 143
- 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 142
- 2020Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 141
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022ViP3D: End-to-end Visual Trajectory Prediction via 3D Agent Queriescited by 116
- 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encodingcited by 109
- 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
- 2021THOMAS: Trajectory Heatmap Output with learned Multi-Agent Samplingcited by 101
- 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Drivingcited by 97
- 2022Differentiable Raycasting for Self-supervised Occupancy Forecastingcited by 83
- 2022BITS: Bi-level Imitation for Traffic Simulationcited by 80
- 2018Deep Imitative Models for Flexible Inference, Planning, and Controlcited by 75
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveyscited by 75
- 2021Multi-modal Motion Prediction with Transformer-based Neural Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 73
- 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Drivingcited by 67
- 2022Occupancy Flow Fields for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 62
- 2022StretchBEV: Stretching Future Instance Prediction Spatially and Temporallycited by 47
- 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 36
- 2021PredictionNet: Real-Time Joint Probabilistic Traffic Prediction for Planning, Control, and Simulationcited by 29
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Expertscited by 28
- 2019Differentiable Gaussian Process Motion Planningcited by 27
- 2022Deep Interactive Motion Prediction and Planning: Playing Games with Motion Prediction Modelscited by 27
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.
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- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 252
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 34
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
- 2026UniDriveVLA: Unifying Understanding, Perception, and Action Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2026AutoMoT: A Unified Vision-Language-Action Model with Asynchronous Mixture-of-Transformers for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2024Risk-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Under Safety-Critical Scenarioscited by 7
- 2026Driver-WM: A Driver-Centric Traffic-Conditioned Latent World Model for In-Cabin Dynamics Rolloutcited by 6
- 2025CoPlanner: An Interactive Motion Planner with Contingency-Aware Diffusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2026VLGA: Vision-Language-Geometry-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2026Teaching Vision-Language-Action Models What to See and Where to Lookcited by 1
- 2025Robust Planning for Autonomous Driving via Mixed Adversarial Diffusion Predictionscited by 0
6 more
- 2025CCLSTM: Coupled Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Network for Occupancy Flow Forecastingcited by 0
- 2025NeRC: Neural Ranging Correction through Differentiable Moving Horizon Location Estimationcited by 0
- 2025From Human Intention to Action Prediction: Intention-Driven End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026SAIL: Scene-aware Adaptive Iterative Learning for Long-Tail Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 0
- 2026GPOcc++: Unified Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Prediction with Visual Geometry Priorscited by 0
- 2026INTERACT: Interactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Anchor-Conditioned Prediction and Trust-Region Refinementcited by 0
- 2026INTERACT: Interactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Anchor-Conditioned Prediction and Trust-Region Refinement25 Sep 2026
- 2026GPOcc++: Unified Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Prediction with Visual Geometry Priors15 Jul 2026
- 2026Teaching Vision-Language-Action Models What to See and Where to Look2 Jul 2026
- 2026VLGA: Vision-Language-Geometry-Action Models for Autonomous Driving10 Jun 2026
- 2026Driver-WM: A Driver-Centric Traffic-Conditioned Latent World Model for In-Cabin Dynamics Rollout6 May 2026
- 2026SAIL: Scene-aware Adaptive Iterative Learning for Long-Tail Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Vehicles6 Apr 2026
- 2026UniDriveVLA: Unifying Understanding, Perception, and Action Planning for Autonomous Driving2 Apr 2026
- 2026AutoMoT: A Unified Vision-Language-Action Model with Asynchronous Mixture-of-Transformers for End-to-End Autonomous Driving16 Mar 2026
- 2025From Human Intention to Action Prediction: Intention-Driven End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 Dec 2025
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scale28 Nov 2025
- 2025CoPlanner: An Interactive Motion Planner with Contingency-Aware Diffusion for Autonomous Driving21 Sep 2025
- 2025NeRC: Neural Ranging Correction through Differentiable Moving Horizon Location Estimation20 Aug 2025
6 more
- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning16 Jun 2025
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Jun 2025
- 2025CCLSTM: Coupled Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Network for Occupancy Flow Forecasting6 Jun 2025
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Driving21 May 2025
- 2025Robust Planning for Autonomous Driving via Mixed Adversarial Diffusion Predictions18 May 2025
- 2024Risk-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Under Safety-Critical Scenarios18 Jul 2024
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
- 2025CoPlanner: An Interactive Motion Planner with Contingency-Aware Diffusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2025From Human Intention to Action Prediction: Intention-Driven End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026INTERACT: Interactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Anchor-Conditioned Prediction and Trust-Region Refinementcited by 0
- 2026INTERACT: Interactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Anchor-Conditioned Prediction and Trust-Region Refinement25 Sep 2026
- 2025From Human Intention to Action Prediction: Intention-Driven End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 Dec 2025
- 2025CoPlanner: An Interactive Motion Planner with Contingency-Aware Diffusion for Autonomous Driving21 Sep 2025
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Jun 2025
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Driving21 May 2025
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 34
- 2024Risk-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Under Safety-Critical Scenarioscited by 7
- 2025CCLSTM: Coupled Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Network for Occupancy Flow Forecastingcited by 0
- 2025NeRC: Neural Ranging Correction through Differentiable Moving Horizon Location Estimationcited by 0
- 2026SAIL: Scene-aware Adaptive Iterative Learning for Long-Tail Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 0
- 2026GPOcc++: Unified Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Prediction with Visual Geometry Priorscited by 0
- 2026GPOcc++: Unified Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Prediction with Visual Geometry Priors15 Jul 2026
- 2026SAIL: Scene-aware Adaptive Iterative Learning for Long-Tail Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Vehicles6 Apr 2026
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scale28 Nov 2025
- 2025NeRC: Neural Ranging Correction through Differentiable Moving Horizon Location Estimation20 Aug 2025
- 2025CCLSTM: Coupled Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Network for Occupancy Flow Forecasting6 Jun 2025
- 2024Risk-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Under Safety-Critical Scenarios18 Jul 2024
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- 2025Perfect Prediction or Plenty of Proposals? What Matters Most in Planning for Autonomous Driving
- 2025Predictive Planner for Autonomous Driving with Consistency Models
- 2021Instance-Aware Predictive Navigation in Multi-Agent Environments
- 2025Driving is a Game: Combining Planning and Prediction with Bayesian Iterative Best Response
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving
- 2024Hybrid Imitation-Learning Motion Planner for Urban Driving
- 2021Scene Transformer: A unified architecture for predicting multiple agent trajectories
- 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Driving