mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Interpretable Motion Planner for Urban Driving via Hierarchical Imitation Learning

arXiv 2303.13986 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2023cs.RO cs.AIcited by 4

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Learning-based approaches have achieved remarkable performance in the domain of autonomous driving. Leveraging the impressive ability of neural networks and large amounts of human driving data, complex patterns and rules of driving behavior can be encoded as a model to benefit the autonomous driving system. Besides, an increasing number of data-driven works have been studied in the decision-making and motion planning module. However, the reliability and the stability of the neural network is still full of uncertainty. In this paper, we introduce a hierarchical planning architecture including a high-level grid-based behavior planner and a low-level trajectory planner, which is highly interpretable and controllable. As the high-level planner is responsible for finding a consistent route, the low-level planner generates a feasible trajectory. We evaluate our method both in closed-loop simulation and real world driving, and demonstrate the neural network planner has outstanding performance in complex urban autonomous driving scenarios.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 40 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2023.

Builds on

40 of 45 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Imitation Is Not Enough: Robustifying Imitation with Reinforcement Learning for Challenging Driving Scenarios21 Dec
  2. 2022Hierarchical Model-Based Imitation Learning for Planning in Autonomous Driving18 Oct
  3. 2022Learning from All Vehicles22 Mar
  4. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coach18 Aug
  5. 2021Exploring Imitation Learning for Autonomous Driving with Feedback Synthesizer and Differentiable Rasterization2 Mar

Other references · 35

  1. 2021Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modelingcited by 1,528
  2. 2019MultiPath: Multiple Probabilistic Anchor Trajectory Hypotheses for Behavior Predictioncited by 417
  3. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
  4. 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
  5. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
  6. 2020TNT: Target-driveN Trajectory Predictioncited by 345
  7. 2019Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 343
  8. 2019Causal Confusion in Imitation Learningcited by 286
  9. 2022Wayformer: Motion Forecasting via Simple & Efficient Attention Networkscited by 279
  10. 2019CoverNet: Multimodal Behavior Prediction using Trajectory Setscited by 259
  11. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
  12. 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
23 more
  1. 2021FIERY: Future Instance Prediction in Bird's-Eye View from Surround Monocular Camerascited by 239
  2. 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 211
  3. 2015Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 173
  4. 2016Value Iteration Networkscited by 158
  5. 2021HOME: Heatmap Output for future Motion Estimationcited by 122
  6. 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
  7. 2021LookOut: Diverse Multi-Future Prediction and Planning for Self-Drivingcited by 96
  8. 2020Trajectory Forecasts in Unknown Environments Conditioned on Grid-Based Planscited by 72
  9. 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policiescited by 68
  10. 2021Learning to Predict Vehicle Trajectories with Model-based Planningcited by 63
  11. 2020DSDNet: Deep Structured self-Driving Networkcited by 61
  12. 2019Jointly Learnable Behavior and Trajectory Planning for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 51
  13. 2019Deep Imitation Learning for Autonomous Driving in Generic Urban Scenarios with Enhanced Safetycited by 48
  14. 2016Watch This: Scalable Cost-Function Learning for Path Planning in Urban Environmentscited by 33
  15. 2021PredictionNet: Real-Time Joint Probabilistic Traffic Prediction for Planning, Control, and Simulationcited by 29
  16. 2022Goal-driven Self-Attentive Recurrent Networks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 28
  17. 2021Learning Interpretable End-to-End Vision-Based Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving with Optical Flow Distillationcited by 25
  18. 2022End-to-End Trajectory Distribution Prediction Based on Occupancy Grid Mapscited by 22
  19. 2021Deep Structured Reactive Planningcited by 18
  20. 2020Learning hierarchical behavior and motion planning for autonomous drivingcited by 15
  21. 2020Imitation Learning of Hierarchical Driving Model: from Continuous Intention to Continuous Trajectorycited by 8
  22. 2020Ellipse Loss for Scene-Compliant Motion Predictioncited by 4
  23. 2022ApolloRL: a Reinforcement Learning Platform for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Hybrid Imitation-Learning Motion Planner for Urban Driving
  2. 2025Diffusion-Based Planning for Autonomous Driving with Flexible Guidance
  3. 2019Urban Driving with Conditional Imitation Learning
  4. 2023Developing Driving Strategies Efficiently: A Skill-Based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Approach
  5. 2021Urban Driver: Learning to Drive from Real-world Demonstrations Using Policy Gradients
  6. 2026Learning-Based Behavior Planning for Automated Driving: Real-World Integration and Deployment
  7. 2023Action and Trajectory Planning for Urban Autonomous Driving with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning
  8. 2020Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Using Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning