mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TimeLens: Event-based Video Frame Interpolation

arXiv 2106.07286 ↗First posted 14 Jun 2021cs.CVcited by 150

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Abstract (arXiv)

State-of-the-art frame interpolation methods generate intermediate frames by inferring object motions in the image from consecutive key-frames. In the absence of additional information, first-order approximations, i.e. optical flow, must be used, but this choice restricts the types of motions that can be modeled, leading to errors in highly dynamic scenarios. Event cameras are novel sensors that address this limitation by providing auxiliary visual information in the blind-time between frames. They asynchronously measure per-pixel brightness changes and do this with high temporal resolution and low latency. Event-based frame interpolation methods typically adopt a synthesis-based approach, where predicted frame residuals are directly applied to the key-frames. However, while these approaches can capture non-linear motions they suffer from ghosting and perform poorly in low-texture regions with few events. Thus, synthesis-based and flow-based approaches are complementary. In this work, we introduce Time Lens, a novel indicates equal contribution method that leverages the advantages of both. We extensively evaluate our method on three synthetic and two real benchmarks where we show an up to 5.21 dB improvement in terms of PSNR over state-of-the-art frame-based and event-based methods. Finally, we release a new large-scale dataset in highly dynamic scenarios, aimed at pushing the limits of existing methods.

Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2021.

Builds on

31 of 47 references.

References · 31

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2015Spatial Transformer Networkscited by 1,423
  4. 2017PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volumecited by 966
  5. 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 780
  6. 2016Deep Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network for Dynamic Scene Deblurringcited by 722
  7. 2017Video Enhancement with Task-Oriented Flowcited by 612
  8. 2019High Speed and High Dynamic Range Video with an Event Cameracited by 344
  9. 2017Super SloMo: High Quality Estimation of Multiple Intermediate Frames for Video Interpolationcited by 321
  10. 2020Softmax Splatting for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 276
  11. 2019Depth-Aware Video Frame Interpolationcited by 232
  12. 2019End-to-End Learning of Representations for Asynchronous Event-Based Datacited by 216
19 more
  1. 2017Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Separable Convolutioncited by 211
  2. 2017Video Frame Synthesis using Deep Voxel Flowcited by 209
  3. 2019Events-to-Video: Bringing Modern Computer Vision to Event Camerascited by 191
  4. 2019Video to Events: Recycling Video Datasets for Event Camerascited by 162
  5. 2017Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Convolutioncited by 158
  6. 2018Context-aware Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 153
  7. 2018Video Compression through Image Interpolationcited by 143
  8. 2019Quadratic video interpolationcited by 143
  9. 2018Bringing a Blurry Frame Alive at High Frame-Rate with an Event Cameracited by 141
  10. 2020Back to Event Basics: Self-Supervised Learning of Image Reconstruction for Event Cameras via Photometric Constancycited by 125
  11. 2020BMBC:Bilateral Motion Estimation with Bilateral Cost Volume for Video Interpolationcited by 117
  12. 2018Event-based High Dynamic Range Image and Very High Frame Rate Video Generation using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 97
  13. 2020Learning Event-Based Motion Deblurringcited by 81
  14. 2020Event Enhanced High-Quality Image Recoverycited by 68
  15. 2017Cascade Residual Learning: A Two-stage Convolutional Neural Network for Stereo Matchingcited by 63
  16. 2018PhaseNet for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 61
  17. 2020All at Once: Temporally Adaptive Multi-Frame Interpolation with Advanced Motion Modelingcited by 42
  18. 2020Deep Slow Motion Video Reconstruction with Hybrid Imaging Systemcited by 14
  19. 2019Event-driven Video Frame Synthesiscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 23; 2023: 37; 2024: 35; 2025: 28; 2026: 22.

150 papers.

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  1. 2022AEGNN: Asynchronous Event-based Graph Neural Networkscited by 118
  2. 2022Time Lens++: Event-based Frame Interpolation with Parametric Non-linear Flow and Multi-scale Fusioncited by 110
  3. 2023Deep Learning for Event-based Vision: A Comprehensive Survey and Benchmarkscited by 90
  4. 2021VISTA 2.0: An Open, Data-driven Simulator for Multimodal Sensing and Policy Learning for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 81
  5. 2022ESS: Learning Event-based Semantic Segmentation from Still Imagescited by 81
  6. 2024State Space Models for Event Camerascited by 75
  7. 2024Recent Event Camera Innovations: A Surveycited by 67
  8. 2022Learning Dense and Continuous Optical Flow from an Event Cameracited by 59
  9. 2022Unifying Motion Deblurring and Frame Interpolation with Eventscited by 58
  10. 2024EvaGaussians: Event Stream Assisted Gaussian Splatting from Blurry Imagescited by 56
  11. 2021E2(GO)MOTION: Motion Augmented Event Stream for Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 50
  12. 2022Dense Continuous-Time Optical Flow from Events and Framescited by 45
38 more
  1. 2023Robust e-NeRF: NeRF from Sparse & Noisy Events under Non-Uniform Motioncited by 44
  2. 2023Frame-Event Alignment and Fusion Network for High Frame Rate Trackingcited by 43
  3. 2022Many-to-many Splatting for Efficient Video Frame Interpolationcited by 42
  4. 2022RGB-Event Fusion for Moving Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 39
  5. 2023SODFormer: Streaming Object Detection with Transformer Using Events and Framescited by 39
  6. 2022TimeReplayer: Unlocking the Potential of Event Cameras for Video Interpolationcited by 37
  7. 2022Pushing the Limits of Asynchronous Graph-based Object Detection with Event Camerascited by 32
  8. 2022Lightweight Event-based Optical Flow Estimation via Iterative Deblurringcited by 31
  9. 2023TMA: Temporal Motion Aggregation for Event-based Optical Flowcited by 31
  10. 2024Mitigating Motion Blur in Neural Radiance Fields with Events and Framescited by 31
  11. 2023A Unified Framework for Event-based Frame Interpolation with Ad-hoc Deblurring in the Wildcited by 27
  12. 2023E-MLB: Multilevel Benchmark for Event-Based Camera Denoisingcited by 27
  13. 2022Ev-TTA: Test-Time Adaptation for Event-Based Object Recognitioncited by 26
  14. 2022E-CIR: Event-Enhanced Continuous Intensity Recoverycited by 25
  15. 2025Event-Based Video Frame Interpolation With Cross-Modal Asymmetric Bidirectional Motion Fieldscited by 24
  16. 2024Repurposing Pre-trained Video Diffusion Models for Event-based Video Interpolationcited by 23
  17. 2022Splatting-based Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 20
  18. 2023Generalizing Event-Based Motion Deblurring in Real-World Scenarioscited by 20
  19. 2023EventAid: Benchmarking Event-aided Image/Video Enhancement Algorithms with Real-captured Hybrid Datasetcited by 19
  20. 2022Are High-Resolution Event Cameras Really Needed?cited by 18
  21. 2022Video Interpolation by Event-driven Anisotropic Adjustment of Optical Flowcited by 18
  22. 2024CRSOT: Cross-Resolution Object Tracking using Unaligned Frame and Event Camerascited by 17
  23. 2024Microsaccade-inspired Event Camera for Roboticscited by 17
  24. 2021Stereo Hybrid Event-Frame (SHEF) Cameras for 3D Perceptioncited by 16
  25. 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
  26. 2024EF-3DGS: Event-Aided Free-Trajectory 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  27. 2023Event-based Continuous Color Video Decompression from Single Framescited by 14
  28. 2023Deep Visual Odometry with Events and Framescited by 13
  29. 2024Temporal Event Stereo via Joint Learning with Stereoscopic Flowcited by 12
  30. 2024EventSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting from Moving Event Cameras for Real-time Renderingcited by 12
  31. 2025Low-Light Image Enhancement using Event-Based Illumination Estimationcited by 12
  32. 2023Neuromorphic Optical Flow and Real-time Implementation with Event Camerascited by 11
  33. 2023SportsSloMo: A New Benchmark and Baselines for Human-centric Video Frame Interpolationcited by 11
  34. 2024E-Motion: Future Motion Simulation via Event Sequence Diffusioncited by 11
  35. 2022Cross-Attention Transformer for Video Interpolationcited by 10
  36. 2023Learning to Super-Resolve Blurry Images with Eventscited by 10
  37. 2023Video Frame Interpolation with Stereo Event and Intensity Cameracited by 10
  38. 2023SoDaCam: Software-defined Cameras via Single-Photon Imagingcited by 10

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