TimeLens: Event-based Video Frame Interpolation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
State-of-the-art frame interpolation methods generate intermediate frames by inferring object motions in the image from consecutive key-frames. In the absence of additional information, first-order approximations, i.e. optical flow, must be used, but this choice restricts the types of motions that can be modeled, leading to errors in highly dynamic scenarios. Event cameras are novel sensors that address this limitation by providing auxiliary visual information in the blind-time between frames. They asynchronously measure per-pixel brightness changes and do this with high temporal resolution and low latency. Event-based frame interpolation methods typically adopt a synthesis-based approach, where predicted frame residuals are directly applied to the key-frames. However, while these approaches can capture non-linear motions they suffer from ghosting and perform poorly in low-texture regions with few events. Thus, synthesis-based and flow-based approaches are complementary. In this work, we introduce Time Lens, a novel indicates equal contribution method that leverages the advantages of both. We extensively evaluate our method on three synthetic and two real benchmarks where we show an up to 5.21 dB improvement in terms of PSNR over state-of-the-art frame-based and event-based methods. Finally, we release a new large-scale dataset in highly dynamic scenarios, aimed at pushing the limits of existing methods.
Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2021.
Builds on
31 of 47 references.
References · 31
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2015Spatial Transformer Networkscited by 1,423
- 2017PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volumecited by 966
- 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 780
- 2016Deep Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network for Dynamic Scene Deblurringcited by 722
- 2017Video Enhancement with Task-Oriented Flowcited by 612
- 2019High Speed and High Dynamic Range Video with an Event Cameracited by 344
- 2017Super SloMo: High Quality Estimation of Multiple Intermediate Frames for Video Interpolationcited by 321
- 2020Softmax Splatting for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 276
- 2019Depth-Aware Video Frame Interpolationcited by 232
- 2019End-to-End Learning of Representations for Asynchronous Event-Based Datacited by 216
19 more
- 2017Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Separable Convolutioncited by 211
- 2017Video Frame Synthesis using Deep Voxel Flowcited by 209
- 2019Events-to-Video: Bringing Modern Computer Vision to Event Camerascited by 191
- 2019Video to Events: Recycling Video Datasets for Event Camerascited by 162
- 2017Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Convolutioncited by 158
- 2018Context-aware Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 153
- 2018Video Compression through Image Interpolationcited by 143
- 2019Quadratic video interpolationcited by 143
- 2018Bringing a Blurry Frame Alive at High Frame-Rate with an Event Cameracited by 141
- 2020Back to Event Basics: Self-Supervised Learning of Image Reconstruction for Event Cameras via Photometric Constancycited by 125
- 2020BMBC:Bilateral Motion Estimation with Bilateral Cost Volume for Video Interpolationcited by 117
- 2018Event-based High Dynamic Range Image and Very High Frame Rate Video Generation using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 97
- 2020Learning Event-Based Motion Deblurringcited by 81
- 2020Event Enhanced High-Quality Image Recoverycited by 68
- 2017Cascade Residual Learning: A Two-stage Convolutional Neural Network for Stereo Matchingcited by 63
- 2018PhaseNet for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 61
- 2020All at Once: Temporally Adaptive Multi-Frame Interpolation with Advanced Motion Modelingcited by 42
- 2020Deep Slow Motion Video Reconstruction with Hybrid Imaging Systemcited by 14
- 2019Event-driven Video Frame Synthesiscited by 8
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 23; 2023: 37; 2024: 35; 2025: 28; 2026: 22.
150 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022AEGNN: Asynchronous Event-based Graph Neural Networkscited by 118
- 2022Time Lens++: Event-based Frame Interpolation with Parametric Non-linear Flow and Multi-scale Fusioncited by 110
- 2023Deep Learning for Event-based Vision: A Comprehensive Survey and Benchmarkscited by 90
- 2021VISTA 2.0: An Open, Data-driven Simulator for Multimodal Sensing and Policy Learning for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 81
- 2022ESS: Learning Event-based Semantic Segmentation from Still Imagescited by 81
- 2024State Space Models for Event Camerascited by 75
- 2024Recent Event Camera Innovations: A Surveycited by 67
- 2022Learning Dense and Continuous Optical Flow from an Event Cameracited by 59
- 2022Unifying Motion Deblurring and Frame Interpolation with Eventscited by 58
- 2024EvaGaussians: Event Stream Assisted Gaussian Splatting from Blurry Imagescited by 56
- 2021E2(GO)MOTION: Motion Augmented Event Stream for Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Dense Continuous-Time Optical Flow from Events and Framescited by 45
38 more
- 2023Robust e-NeRF: NeRF from Sparse & Noisy Events under Non-Uniform Motioncited by 44
- 2023Frame-Event Alignment and Fusion Network for High Frame Rate Trackingcited by 43
- 2022Many-to-many Splatting for Efficient Video Frame Interpolationcited by 42
- 2022RGB-Event Fusion for Moving Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 39
- 2023SODFormer: Streaming Object Detection with Transformer Using Events and Framescited by 39
- 2022TimeReplayer: Unlocking the Potential of Event Cameras for Video Interpolationcited by 37
- 2022Pushing the Limits of Asynchronous Graph-based Object Detection with Event Camerascited by 32
- 2022Lightweight Event-based Optical Flow Estimation via Iterative Deblurringcited by 31
- 2023TMA: Temporal Motion Aggregation for Event-based Optical Flowcited by 31
- 2024Mitigating Motion Blur in Neural Radiance Fields with Events and Framescited by 31
- 2023A Unified Framework for Event-based Frame Interpolation with Ad-hoc Deblurring in the Wildcited by 27
- 2023E-MLB: Multilevel Benchmark for Event-Based Camera Denoisingcited by 27
- 2022Ev-TTA: Test-Time Adaptation for Event-Based Object Recognitioncited by 26
- 2022E-CIR: Event-Enhanced Continuous Intensity Recoverycited by 25
- 2025Event-Based Video Frame Interpolation With Cross-Modal Asymmetric Bidirectional Motion Fieldscited by 24
- 2024Repurposing Pre-trained Video Diffusion Models for Event-based Video Interpolationcited by 23
- 2022Splatting-based Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 20
- 2023Generalizing Event-Based Motion Deblurring in Real-World Scenarioscited by 20
- 2023EventAid: Benchmarking Event-aided Image/Video Enhancement Algorithms with Real-captured Hybrid Datasetcited by 19
- 2022Are High-Resolution Event Cameras Really Needed?cited by 18
- 2022Video Interpolation by Event-driven Anisotropic Adjustment of Optical Flowcited by 18
- 2024CRSOT: Cross-Resolution Object Tracking using Unaligned Frame and Event Camerascited by 17
- 2024Microsaccade-inspired Event Camera for Roboticscited by 17
- 2021Stereo Hybrid Event-Frame (SHEF) Cameras for 3D Perceptioncited by 16
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2024EF-3DGS: Event-Aided Free-Trajectory 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2023Event-based Continuous Color Video Decompression from Single Framescited by 14
- 2023Deep Visual Odometry with Events and Framescited by 13
- 2024Temporal Event Stereo via Joint Learning with Stereoscopic Flowcited by 12
- 2024EventSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting from Moving Event Cameras for Real-time Renderingcited by 12
- 2025Low-Light Image Enhancement using Event-Based Illumination Estimationcited by 12
- 2023Neuromorphic Optical Flow and Real-time Implementation with Event Camerascited by 11
- 2023SportsSloMo: A New Benchmark and Baselines for Human-centric Video Frame Interpolationcited by 11
- 2024E-Motion: Future Motion Simulation via Event Sequence Diffusioncited by 11
- 2022Cross-Attention Transformer for Video Interpolationcited by 10
- 2023Learning to Super-Resolve Blurry Images with Eventscited by 10
- 2023Video Frame Interpolation with Stereo Event and Intensity Cameracited by 10
- 2023SoDaCam: Software-defined Cameras via Single-Photon Imagingcited by 10
50 most cited of 150 All 150 (JSON)
- 2026Stealth Is a Relation, Not a Property: How Event Representations Create Blind Spots for Timing Attacks in Event-Based Perception28 Sep 2026
- 2026LiFR v2: Completion-Augmented Event Propagation for High-Rate Dense Prediction22 Sep 2026
- 2026Bridging Event Streams and DiT: Event-Guided Video Frame Interpolation11 Aug 2026
- 2026ENCORE: Event-Assisted Complementary Motion Refinement for Learned Video Compression30 Jul 2026
- 2026Weaving Light and Time: Unified Harmonic-Geometric Representation Learning for Dense RGB-Event Parsing10 Jul 2026
- 2026LongE2V: Long-Horizon Event-based Video Reconstruction, Prediction, and Frame Interpolation with Video Diffusion Models9 Jul 2026
- 2026CMTFormer: Marrying Transformer with Hierarchical Information Interaction for RGB-Event Object Detection28 Jun 2026
- 2026UniRED: Unified RGB-D Video Frame Interpolation with Event Guidance23 Jun 2026
- 2026EvTexture++: Event-Driven Texture Enhancement for Video Super-Resolution11 Jun 2026
- 2026A Multimodal RGB and Events Dataset for Hand Detection in First-Person View9 Jun 2026
- 2026TIDES: Time-Derivative Event Simulation via Deformable Reconstruction1 Jun 2026
- 2026Event-based Batting Impact Estimation25 May 2026
38 more
- 2026From Contrast to Consistency: Rethinking Event-based Continuous-Time Optical Flow Estimation25 May 2026
- 2026Color-Encoded Illumination for High-Speed Volumetric Scene Reconstruction29 Apr 2026
- 2026Dual-Exposure Imaging with Events11 Apr 2026
- 2026Event6D: Event-based Novel Object 6D Pose Tracking30 Mar 2026
- 2026TETO: Tracking Events with Teacher Observation for Motion Estimation and Frame Interpolation24 Mar 2026
- 2026Interp3R: Continuous-time 3D Geometry Estimation with Frames and Events15 Mar 2026
- 2026High Dynamic Range Imaging Based on an Asymmetric Event-SVE Camera System28 Feb 2026
- 2026UniE2F: A Unified Diffusion Framework for Event-to-Frame Reconstruction with Video Foundation Models22 Feb 2026
- 2026Event-based Visual Deformation Measurement16 Feb 2026
- 2026Unbiased Gradient Estimation for Event Binning via Functional Backpropagation13 Feb 2026
- 2025DESSERT: Diffusion-based Event-driven Single-frame Synthesis via Residual Training19 Dec 2025
- 2025Hybrid Event Frame Sensors: Modeling, Calibration, and Simulation22 Nov 2025
- 2025EvDiff: Event-Based Video Reconstruction using One-Step Diffusion Models21 Nov 2025
- 2025From Events to Clarity: The Event-Guided Diffusion Framework for Dehazing14 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Event-guided Exposure-agnostic Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Feature Blending26 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Robust and Generalizable Continuous Space-Time Video Super-Resolution with Events4 Oct 2025
- 2025Event Camera Guided Visual Media Restoration & 3D Reconstruction: A Survey12 Sep 2025
- 2025EVDI++: Event-based Video Deblurring and Interpolation via Self-Supervised Learning10 Sep 2025
- 2025EvTurb: Event Camera Guided Turbulence Removal14 Aug 2025
- 2025E-4DGS: High-Fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction from the Multi-view Event Cameras13 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Temporal Potential of Stereo Event Cameras for Continuous-Time 3D Object Detection4 Aug 2025
- 2025STD-GS: Exploring Frame-Event Interaction for SpatioTemporal-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting to Reconstruct High-Dynamic Scene29 Jun 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Online Event Downsampling3 Jun 2025
- 2025AceVFI: A Comprehensive Survey of Advances in Video Frame Interpolation1 Jun 2025
- 2025GS2E: Gaussian Splatting is an Effective Data Generator for Event Stream Generation21 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of 3D Reconstruction with Event Cameras13 May 2025
- 2025EventDiff: A Unified and Efficient Diffusion Model Framework for Event-based Video Frame Interpolation13 May 2025
- 2025TimeTracker: Event-based Continuous Point Tracking for Video Frame Interpolation with Non-linear Motion6 May 2025
- 2025From Events to Enhancement: A Survey on Event-Based Imaging Technologies30 Apr 2025
- 2025Quantitative evaluation of brain-inspired vision sensors in high-speed robotic perception27 Apr 2025
- 2025Perturbed State Space Feature Encoders for Optical Flow with Event Cameras14 Apr 2025
- 2025Low-Light Image Enhancement using Event-Based Illumination Estimation13 Apr 2025
- 2025Hardware, Algorithms, and Applications of the Neuromorphic Vision Sensor: a Review11 Apr 2025
- 2025EGVD: Event-Guided Video Diffusion Model for Physically Realistic Large-Motion Frame Interpolation26 Mar 2025
- 2025LLaFEA: Frame-Event Complementary Fusion for Fine-Grained Spatiotemporal Understanding in LMMs10 Mar 2025
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlation5 Mar 2025
- 2025Event-Based Video Frame Interpolation With Cross-Modal Asymmetric Bidirectional Motion Fields19 Feb 2025
- 2025Instance-Level Moving Object Segmentation from a Single Image with Events18 Feb 2025
50 newest of 150 All 150 (JSON)
- 2024Repurposing Pre-trained Video Diffusion Models for Event-based Video Interpolationcited by 23
- 2024E-Motion: Future Motion Simulation via Event Sequence Diffusioncited by 11
- 2025EGVD: Event-Guided Video Diffusion Model for Physically Realistic Large-Motion Frame Interpolationcited by 6
- 2024LaSe-E2V: Towards Language-guided Semantic-Aware Event-to-Video Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2024TimeRewind: Rewinding Time with Image-and-Events Video Diffusioncited by 3
- 2025EventDiff: A Unified and Efficient Diffusion Model Framework for Event-based Video Frame Interpolationcited by 3
- 2025DESSERT: Diffusion-based Event-driven Single-frame Synthesis via Residual Trainingcited by 1
- 2026UniE2F: A Unified Diffusion Framework for Event-to-Frame Reconstruction with Video Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2025From Events to Clarity: The Event-Guided Diffusion Framework for Dehazingcited by 0
- 2025EvDiff: Event-Based Video Reconstruction using One-Step Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026LongE2V: Long-Horizon Event-based Video Reconstruction, Prediction, and Frame Interpolation with Video Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026Bridging Event Streams and DiT: Event-Guided Video Frame Interpolationcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Event Streams and DiT: Event-Guided Video Frame Interpolation11 Aug 2026
- 2026LongE2V: Long-Horizon Event-based Video Reconstruction, Prediction, and Frame Interpolation with Video Diffusion Models9 Jul 2026
- 2026UniE2F: A Unified Diffusion Framework for Event-to-Frame Reconstruction with Video Foundation Models22 Feb 2026
- 2025DESSERT: Diffusion-based Event-driven Single-frame Synthesis via Residual Training19 Dec 2025
- 2025EvDiff: Event-Based Video Reconstruction using One-Step Diffusion Models21 Nov 2025
- 2025From Events to Clarity: The Event-Guided Diffusion Framework for Dehazing14 Nov 2025
- 2025EventDiff: A Unified and Efficient Diffusion Model Framework for Event-based Video Frame Interpolation13 May 2025
- 2025EGVD: Event-Guided Video Diffusion Model for Physically Realistic Large-Motion Frame Interpolation26 Mar 2025
- 2024Repurposing Pre-trained Video Diffusion Models for Event-based Video Interpolation10 Dec 2024
- 2024E-Motion: Future Motion Simulation via Event Sequence Diffusion11 Oct 2024
- 2024LaSe-E2V: Towards Language-guided Semantic-Aware Event-to-Video Reconstruction8 Jul 2024
- 2024TimeRewind: Rewinding Time with Image-and-Events Video Diffusion20 Mar 2024
- 2022AEGNN: Asynchronous Event-based Graph Neural Networkscited by 118
- 2022Time Lens++: Event-based Frame Interpolation with Parametric Non-linear Flow and Multi-scale Fusioncited by 110
- 2023Deep Learning for Event-based Vision: A Comprehensive Survey and Benchmarkscited by 90
- 2021VISTA 2.0: An Open, Data-driven Simulator for Multimodal Sensing and Policy Learning for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 81
- 2022ESS: Learning Event-based Semantic Segmentation from Still Imagescited by 81
- 2024State Space Models for Event Camerascited by 75
- 2024Recent Event Camera Innovations: A Surveycited by 67
- 2022Learning Dense and Continuous Optical Flow from an Event Cameracited by 59
- 2022Unifying Motion Deblurring and Frame Interpolation with Eventscited by 58
- 2024EvaGaussians: Event Stream Assisted Gaussian Splatting from Blurry Imagescited by 56
- 2021E2(GO)MOTION: Motion Augmented Event Stream for Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Dense Continuous-Time Optical Flow from Events and Framescited by 45
12 most cited of 137 All 137 (JSON)
- 2026Stealth Is a Relation, Not a Property: How Event Representations Create Blind Spots for Timing Attacks in Event-Based Perception28 Sep 2026
- 2026LiFR v2: Completion-Augmented Event Propagation for High-Rate Dense Prediction22 Sep 2026
- 2026ENCORE: Event-Assisted Complementary Motion Refinement for Learned Video Compression30 Jul 2026
- 2026Weaving Light and Time: Unified Harmonic-Geometric Representation Learning for Dense RGB-Event Parsing10 Jul 2026
- 2026CMTFormer: Marrying Transformer with Hierarchical Information Interaction for RGB-Event Object Detection28 Jun 2026
- 2026UniRED: Unified RGB-D Video Frame Interpolation with Event Guidance23 Jun 2026
- 2026EvTexture++: Event-Driven Texture Enhancement for Video Super-Resolution11 Jun 2026
- 2026A Multimodal RGB and Events Dataset for Hand Detection in First-Person View9 Jun 2026
- 2026TIDES: Time-Derivative Event Simulation via Deformable Reconstruction1 Jun 2026
- 2026Event-based Batting Impact Estimation25 May 2026
- 2026From Contrast to Consistency: Rethinking Event-based Continuous-Time Optical Flow Estimation25 May 2026
- 2026Color-Encoded Illumination for High-Speed Volumetric Scene Reconstruction29 Apr 2026
12 newest of 137 All 137 (JSON)