mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generation

arXiv 2104.03064 ↗First posted 7 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 70

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Abstract (arXiv)

Font generation is a challenging problem especially for some writing systems that consist of a large number of characters and has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, existing methods for font generation are often in supervised learning. They require a large number of paired data, which is labor-intensive and expensive to collect. Besides, common image-to-image translation models often define style as the set of textures and colors, which cannot be directly applied to font generation. To address these problems, we propose novel deformable generative networks for unsupervised font generation (DGFont). We introduce a feature deformation skip connection (FDSC) which predicts pairs of displacement maps and employs the predicted maps to apply deformable convolution to the low-level feature maps from the content encoder. The outputs of FDSC are fed into a mixer to generate the final results. Taking advantage of FDSC, the mixer outputs a high-quality character with a complete structure. To further improve the quality of generated images, we use three deformable convolution layers in the content encoder to learn style-invariant feature representations. Experiments demonstrate that our model generates characters in higher quality than state-of-art methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/ecnuycxie/DG-Font.

Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2021.

Builds on

46 of 62 references.

References · 46

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34 more
  1. 2018Everybody Dance Nowcited by 313
  2. 2017DualGAN: Unsupervised Dual Learning for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 310
  3. 2016Learning from Simulated and Unsupervised Images through Adversarial Trainingcited by 287
  4. 2017Learning to Discover Cross-Domain Relations with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 278
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  6. 2018TDAN: Temporally Deformable Alignment Network for Video Super-Resolutioncited by 225
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  10. 2016The One Hundred Layers Tiramisu: Fully Convolutional DenseNets for Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
  11. 2017Multi-Content GAN for Few-Shot Font Style Transfercited by 100
  12. 2017One-Sided Unsupervised Domain Mappingcited by 91
  13. 2020ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generationcited by 69
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  17. 2020Rethinking the Truly Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 56
  18. 2020Few-shot Font Generation with Localized Style Representations and Factorizationcited by 47
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  22. 2017Auto-Encoder Guided GAN for Chinese Calligraphy Synthesiscited by 29
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  31. 2018Pyramid Embedded Generative Adversarial Network for Automated Font Generationcited by 11
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 17; 2023: 18; 2024: 15; 2025: 10; 2026: 9.

70 papers.

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  1. 2023FontDiffuser: One-Shot Font Generation via Denoising Diffusion with Multi-Scale Content Aggregation and Style Contrastive Learningcited by 48
  2. 2023Brush Your Text: Synthesize Any Scene Text on Images via Diffusion Modelcited by 41
  3. 2022Diff-Font: Diffusion Model for Robust One-Shot Font Generationcited by 40
  4. 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
  5. 2022Few-Shot Font Generation by Learning Fine-Grained Local Stylescited by 34
  6. 2023GlyphDraw: Seamlessly Rendering Text with Intricate Spatial Structures in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 34
  7. 2022Look Closer to Supervise Better: One-Shot Font Generation via Component-Based Discriminatorcited by 32
  8. 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
  9. 2023DeepVecFont-v2: Exploiting Transformers to Synthesize Vector Fonts with Higher Qualitycited by 27
  10. 2023CF-Font: Content Fusion for Few-shot Font Generationcited by 26
  11. 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
  12. 2022XMP-Font: Self-Supervised Cross-Modality Pre-training for Few-Shot Font Generationcited by 18
38 more
  1. 2023TextPainter: Multimodal Text Image Generation with Visual-harmony and Text-comprehension for Poster Designcited by 18
  2. 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
  3. 2023AGTGAN: Unpaired Image Translation for Photographic Ancient Character Generationcited by 17
  4. 2022SGBANet: Semantic GAN and Balanced Attention Network for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene Text Recognitioncited by 10
  5. 2023Zero-shot Generation of Training Data with Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Handwritten Chinese Character Recognitioncited by 10
  6. 2024Intelligent Artistic Typography: A Comprehensive Review of Artistic Text Design and Generationcited by 9
  7. 2023Few shot font generation via transferring similarity guided global style and quantization local stylecited by 8
  8. 2021Few-shot Font Generation with Weakly Supervised Localized Representationscited by 7
  9. 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
  10. 2022Font Generation with Missing Impression Labelscited by 6
  11. 2022SE-GAN: Skeleton Enhanced GAN-based Model for Brush Handwriting Font Generationcited by 6
  12. 2022GenText: Unsupervised Artistic Text Generation via Decoupled Font and Texture Manipulationcited by 6
  13. 2022FontTransformer: Few-shot High-resolution Chinese Glyph Image Synthesis via Stacked Transformerscited by 6
  14. 2023VQ-Font: Few-Shot Font Generation with Structure-Aware Enhancement and Quantizationcited by 5
  15. 2024Typographic Text Generation with Off-the-Shelf Diffusion Modelcited by 5
  16. 2024HFH-Font: Few-shot Chinese Font Synthesis with Higher Quality, Faster Speed, and Higher Resolutioncited by 5
  17. 2023Few-shot Font Generation by Learning Style Difference and Similaritycited by 4
  18. 2023Ambigram Generation by A Diffusion Modelcited by 4
  19. 2023DeepCalliFont: Few-shot Chinese Calligraphy Font Synthesis by Integrating Dual-modality Generative Modelscited by 4
  20. 2024GRIF-DM: Generation of Rich Impression Fonts using Diffusion Modelscited by 4
  21. 2022Instance Segmentation for Chinese Character Stroke Extraction, Datasets and Benchmarkscited by 3
  22. 2023Diff-Oracle: Deciphering Oracle Bone Scripts with Controllable Diffusion Modelcited by 3
  23. 2024Font Style Interpolation with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  24. 2024CalliffusionV2: Personalized Natural Calligraphy Generation with Flexible Multi-modal Controlcited by 3
  25. 2025FontGuard: A Robust Font Watermarking Approach Leveraging Deep Font Knowledgecited by 3
  26. 2025MegaHan97K: A Large-Scale Dataset for Mega-Category Chinese Character Recognition with over 97K Categoriescited by 3
  27. 2022DGFont++: Robust Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 2
  28. 2023Weakly Supervised Scene Text Generation for Low-resource Languagescited by 2
  29. 2024SRAGAN: Saliency Regularized and Attended Generative Adversarial Network for Chinese Ink-wash Painting Style Transfercited by 2
  30. 2024Unsupervised Disentanglement of Content and Style via Variance-Invariance Constraintscited by 2
  31. 2025From Fragment to One Piece: A Survey on AI-Driven Graphic Designcited by 2
  32. 2025UniCalli: A Unified Diffusion Framework for Column-Level Generation and Recognition of Chinese Calligraphycited by 2
  33. 2022TaCo: Textual Attribute Recognition via Contrastive Learningcited by 1
  34. 2022Neural Font Renderingcited by 1
  35. 2024CalliRewrite: Recovering Handwriting Behaviors from Calligraphy Images without Supervisioncited by 1
  36. 2025Training-Free Diffusion Framework for Stylized Image Generation with Identity Preservationcited by 1
  37. 2025Embedding Font Impression Word Tags Based on Co-occurrencecited by 1
  38. 2025DA-Font: Few-Shot Font Generation via Dual-Attention Hybrid Integrationcited by 1

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