mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generation

arXiv 2303.14736 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2023cs.CVcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Training machines to synthesize diverse handwritings is an intriguing task. Recently, RNN-based methods have been proposed to generate stylized online Chinese characters. However, these methods mainly focus on capturing a person's overall writing style, neglecting subtle style inconsistencies between characters written by the same person. For example, while a person's handwriting typically exhibits general uniformity (e.g., glyph slant and aspect ratios), there are still small style variations in finer details (e.g., stroke length and curvature) of characters. In light of this, we propose to disentangle the style representations at both writer and character levels from individual handwritings to synthesize realistic stylized online handwritten characters. Specifically, we present the style-disentangled Transformer (SDT), which employs two complementary contrastive objectives to extract the style commonalities of reference samples and capture the detailed style patterns of each sample, respectively. Extensive experiments on various language scripts demonstrate the effectiveness of SDT. Notably, our empirical findings reveal that the two learned style representations provide information at different frequency magnitudes, underscoring the importance of separate style extraction. Our source code is public at: https://github.com/dailenson/SDT.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2023.

Builds on

38 of 66 references.

References · 38

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
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  4. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
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  6. 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 968
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26 more
  1. 2017Multi-Content GAN for Few-Shot Font Style Transfercited by 100
  2. 2021Self-Supervised Aggregation of Diverse Experts for Test-Agnostic Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 95
  3. 2020Sketchformer: Transformer-based Representation for Sketched Structurecited by 78
  4. 2022Fast Vision Transformers with HiLo Attentioncited by 78
  5. 2021DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 70
  6. 2020ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generationcited by 69
  7. 2020GANwriting: Content-Conditioned Generation of Styled Handwritten Word Imagescited by 68
  8. 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 65
  9. 2017Separating Style and Content for Generalized Style Transfercited by 64
  10. 2019Artistic Glyph Image Synthesis via One-Stage Few-Shot Learningcited by 53
  11. 2021Unleashing the Power of Contrastive Self-Supervised Visual Models via Contrast-Regularized Fine-Tuningcited by 50
  12. 2020Few-shot Font Generation with Localized Style Representations and Factorizationcited by 47
  13. 2018DeepWriting: Making Digital Ink Editable via Deep Generative Modelingcited by 39
  14. 2021Handwriting Transformerscited by 37
  15. 2021Learning Disentangled Representation by Exploiting Pretrained Generative Models: A Contrastive Learning Viewcited by 34
  16. 2022Look Closer to Supervise Better: One-Shot Font Generation via Component-Based Discriminatorcited by 32
  17. 2016Drawing and Recognizing Chinese Characters with Recurrent Neural Networkcited by 26
  18. 2020CoSE: Compositional Stroke Embeddingscited by 26
  19. 2020DeepWriteSYN: On-Line Handwriting Synthesis via Deep Short-Term Representationscited by 26
  20. 2022SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Textcited by 26
  21. 2020Generating Handwriting via Decoupled Style Descriptorscited by 23
  22. 2018Generating Handwritten Chinese Characters using CycleGANcited by 21
  23. 2018TET-GAN: Text Effects Transfer via Stylization and Destylizationcited by 19
  24. 2022XMP-Font: Self-Supervised Cross-Modality Pre-training for Few-Shot Font Generationcited by 18
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 9; 2025: 10; 2026: 13.

35 papers.

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  1. 2023Cross-Ray Neural Radiance Fields for Novel-view Synthesis from Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 54
  2. 2024DocLayLLM: An Efficient Multi-modal Extension of Large Language Models for Text-rich Document Understandingcited by 23
  3. 2024Diffusion-Driven Data Replay: A Novel Approach to Combat Forgetting in Federated Class Continual Learningcited by 23
  4. 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
  5. 2023HiPA: Enabling One-Step Text-to-Image Diffusion Models via High-Frequency-Promoting Adaptationcited by 16
  6. 2024KMTalk: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Key Motion Embeddingcited by 14
  7. 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
  8. 2025Monocular and Generalizable Gaussian Talking Head Animationcited by 10
  9. 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
  10. 2025ReplayCAD: Generative Diffusion Replay for Continual Anomaly Detectioncited by 9
  11. 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
  12. 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
23 more
  1. 2024Globally Correlation-Aware Hard Negative Generationcited by 5
  2. 2026HSD: Training-Free Acceleration for Document Parsing Vision-Language Models with Hierarchical Speculative Decodingcited by 5
  3. 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligencecited by 4
  4. 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
  5. 2024DeepIcon: A Hierarchical Network for Layer-wise Icon Vectorizationcited by 2
  6. 2024Content-Style Learning from Unaligned Domains: Identifiability under Unknown Latent Dimensionscited by 2
  7. 2025Unsupervised Learning for Class Distribution Mismatchcited by 2
  8. 2023Perception and Semantic Aware Regularization for Sequential Confidence Calibrationcited by 1
  9. 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
  10. 2025Order-Level Attention Similarity Across Language Models: A Latent Commonalitycited by 1
  11. 2026OrbitNVS: Harnessing Video Diffusion Priors for Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
  12. 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
  13. 2025DNA: Dual-branch Network with Adaptation for Open-Set Online Handwriting Generationcited by 0
  14. 2026Telling Human and Machine Handwriting Apartcited by 0
  15. 2026DohaScript: A Large-Scale Multi-Writer Dataset for Continuous Handwritten Hindi Textcited by 0
  16. 2026ScribeTokens: Fixed-Vocabulary Tokenization of Digital Inkcited by 0
  17. 2026One step further with Monte-Carlo sampler to guide diffusion bettercited by 0
  18. 2026BoundInk: Boundary-Aware Online Handwriting Generationcited by 0
  19. 2026Learning Hierarchical and Geometry-Aware Graph Representations for Text-to-CADcited by 0
  20. 2026DIMOS: Disentangling Instance-level Moving Object Segmentationcited by 0
  21. 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
  22. 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Renderingcited by 0
  23. 2026Enhancing Table Structure Recognition via Bounding Box Guidancecited by 0