Rethinking the Truly Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Every recent image-to-image translation model inherently requires either image-level (i.e. input-output pairs) or set-level (i.e. domain labels) supervision. However, even set-level supervision can be a severe bottleneck for data collection in practice. In this paper, we tackle image-to-image translation in a fully unsupervised setting, i.e., neither paired images nor domain labels. To this end, we propose a truly unsupervised image-to-image translation model (TUNIT) that simultaneously learns to separate image domains and translates input images into the estimated domains. Experimental results show that our model achieves comparable or even better performance than the set-level supervised model trained with full labels, generalizes well on various datasets, and is robust against the choice of hyperparameters (e.g. the preset number of pseudo domains). Furthermore, TUNIT can be easily extended to semi-supervised learning with a few labeled data.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 22; 2023: 19; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.
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- 2023Zero-shot Image-to-Image Translationcited by 503
- 2022Domain Enhanced Arbitrary Image Style Transfer via Contrastive Learningcited by 93
- 2021DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 70
- 2021The Spatially-Correlative Loss for Various Image Translation Taskscited by 66
- 2022TAPE: Task-Agnostic Prior Embedding for Image Restorationcited by 54
- 2022Diff-Font: Diffusion Model for Robust One-Shot Font Generationcited by 40
- 2021DivCo: Diverse Conditional Image Synthesis via Contrastive Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 37
- 2023Training-free Content Injection using h-space in Diffusion Modelscited by 36
- 2021Smoothing the Disentangled Latent Style Space for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 35
- 2022Few-Shot Font Generation by Learning Fine-Grained Local Stylescited by 34
- 2023Reinforcement Learning-Based Black-Box Model Inversion Attackscited by 33
- 2023General Image-to-Image Translation with One-Shot Image Guidancecited by 31
38 more
- 2022InstaFormer: Instance-Aware Image-to-Image Translation with Transformercited by 28
- 2021CoMoGAN: continuous model-guided image-to-image translationcited by 27
- 2023CF-Font: Content Fusion for Few-shot Font Generationcited by 26
- 2022A Style-aware Discriminator for Controllable Image Translationcited by 16
- 2025DiffV2IR: Visible-to-Infrared Diffusion Model via Vision-Language Understandingcited by 16
- 2023A Unified Arbitrary Style Transfer Framework via Adaptive Contrastive Learningcited by 10
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Surveycited by 10
- 2021Physics-informed Guided Disentanglement in Generative Networkscited by 9
- 2022Maximum Spatial Perturbation Consistency for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 8
- 2023Few shot font generation via transferring similarity guided global style and quantization local stylecited by 8
- 2024C-DiffSET: Leveraging Latent Diffusion for SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Confidence-Guided Reliable Object Generationcited by 8
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 7
- 2024Exploring Generative AI for Sim2Real in Driving Data Synthesiscited by 7
- 2022Commonality in Natural Images Rescues GANs: Pretraining GANs with Generic and Privacy-free Synthetic Datacited by 6
- 2022Exploring Negatives in Contrastive Learning for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 6
- 2023Progressive Text-to-Image Diffusion with Soft Latent Directioncited by 6
- 2023One-for-All: Towards Universal Domain Translation with a Single StyleGANcited by 6
- 2022Learning Temporally and Semantically Consistent Unpaired Video-to-video Translation Through Pseudo-Supervision From Synthetic Optical Flowcited by 5
- 2022LANIT: Language-Driven Image-to-Image Translation for Unlabeled Datacited by 5
- 2022Can We Find Strong Lottery Tickets in Generative Models?cited by 4
- 2023Few-shot Font Generation by Learning Style Difference and Similaritycited by 4
- 2023Human-Inspired Facial Sketch Synthesis with Dynamic Adaptationcited by 4
- 2022Polymorphic-GAN: Generating Aligned Samples across Multiple Domains with Learned Morph Mapscited by 3
- 2022HistoStarGAN: A Unified Approach to Stain Normalisation, Stain Transfer and Stain Invariant Segmentation in Renal Histopathologycited by 3
- 2022Smooth image-to-image translations with latent space interpolationscited by 2
- 2022DGFont++: Robust Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 2
- 20233D-Aware Multi-Class Image-to-Image Translation with NeRFscited by 2
- 2023Weakly Supervised Scene Text Generation for Low-resource Languagescited by 2
- 2023Domain-Scalable Unpaired Image Translation via Latent Space Anchoringcited by 2
- 2021Leveraging Local Domains for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1
- 2021Bridging the Gap between Label- and Reference-based Synthesis in Multi-attribute Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1
- 2022Swapping Semantic Contents for Mixing Imagescited by 1
- 2023ACE: Zero-Shot Image to Image Translation via Pretrained Auto-Contrastive-Encodercited by 1
- 2023UTSGAN: Unseen Transition Suss GAN for Transition-Aware Image-to-image Translationcited by 1
- 2023Progressive Energy-Based Cooperative Learning for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1
- 2024Shape-Preserving Generation of Food Images for Automatic Dietary Assessmentcited by 1
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decouplingcited by 1
- 2021Few-Shot Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation on complex scenescited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decoupling2 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffV2IR: Visible-to-Infrared Diffusion Model via Vision-Language Understanding24 Mar 2025
- 2024C-DiffSET: Leveraging Latent Diffusion for SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Confidence-Guided Reliable Object Generation16 Nov 2024
- 2024Shape-Preserving Generation of Food Images for Automatic Dietary Assessment23 Aug 2024
- 2024Exploring Generative AI for Sim2Real in Driving Data Synthesis14 Apr 2024
- 2023One-for-All: Towards Universal Domain Translation with a Single StyleGAN22 Oct 2023
- 2023Progressive Text-to-Image Diffusion with Soft Latent Direction18 Sep 2023
- 2023Few shot font generation via transferring similarity guided global style and quantization local style2 Sep 2023
- 2023Human-Inspired Facial Sketch Synthesis with Dynamic Adaptation1 Sep 2023
- 2023EqGAN: Feature Equalization Fusion for Few-shot Image Generation27 Jul 2023
- 2023General Image-to-Image Translation with One-Shot Image Guidance20 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Survey26 Jun 2023
38 more
- 2023Domain-Scalable Unpaired Image Translation via Latent Space Anchoring26 Jun 2023
- 2023Progressive Energy-Based Cooperative Learning for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translation26 Jun 2023
- 2023Weakly Supervised Scene Text Generation for Low-resource Languages25 Jun 2023
- 2023UTSGAN: Unseen Transition Suss GAN for Transition-Aware Image-to-image Translation24 Apr 2023
- 2023Reinforcement Learning-Based Black-Box Model Inversion Attacks10 Apr 2023
- 2023Training-free Content Injection using h-space in Diffusion Models27 Mar 2023
- 20233D-Aware Multi-Class Image-to-Image Translation with NeRFs27 Mar 2023
- 2023CF-Font: Content Fusion for Few-shot Font Generation24 Mar 2023
- 2023A Unified Arbitrary Style Transfer Framework via Adaptive Contrastive Learning9 Mar 2023
- 2023ACE: Zero-Shot Image to Image Translation via Pretrained Auto-Contrastive-Encoder22 Feb 2023
- 2023Zero-shot Image-to-Image Translation6 Feb 2023
- 2023Few-shot Font Generation by Learning Style Difference and Similarity24 Jan 2023
- 2022DGFont++: Robust Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generation30 Dec 2022
- 2022Artistic Arbitrary Style Transfer21 Dec 2022
- 2022Can We Find Strong Lottery Tickets in Generative Models?16 Dec 2022
- 2022Diff-Font: Diffusion Model for Robust One-Shot Font Generation12 Dec 2022
- 2022HistoStarGAN: A Unified Approach to Stain Normalisation, Stain Transfer and Stain Invariant Segmentation in Renal Histopathology18 Oct 2022
- 2022Smooth image-to-image translations with latent space interpolations3 Oct 2022
- 2022Capsule Network based Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Visual Representations22 Sep 2022
- 2022LANIT: Language-Driven Image-to-Image Translation for Unlabeled Data31 Aug 2022
- 2022Multi-Modality Image Inpainting using Generative Adversarial Networks18 Jun 2022
- 2022Polymorphic-GAN: Generating Aligned Samples across Multiple Domains with Learned Morph Maps6 Jun 2022
- 2022Swapping Semantic Contents for Mixing Images20 May 2022
- 2022Few-Shot Font Generation by Learning Fine-Grained Local Styles20 May 2022
- 2022Domain Enhanced Arbitrary Image Style Transfer via Contrastive Learning19 May 2022
- 2022Exploring Negatives in Contrastive Learning for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation23 Apr 2022
- 2022Commonality in Natural Images Rescues GANs: Pretraining GANs with Generic and Privacy-free Synthetic Data11 Apr 2022
- 2022InstaFormer: Instance-Aware Image-to-Image Translation with Transformer30 Mar 2022
- 2022A Style-aware Discriminator for Controllable Image Translation29 Mar 2022
- 2022Maximum Spatial Perturbation Consistency for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation23 Mar 2022
- 2022NeuralReshaper: Single-image Human-body Retouching with Deep Neural Networks20 Mar 2022
- 2022TAPE: Task-Agnostic Prior Embedding for Image Restoration11 Mar 2022
- 2022Synthesizing Photorealistic Images with Deep Generative Learning23 Feb 2022
- 2022Learning Temporally and Semantically Consistent Unpaired Video-to-video Translation Through Pseudo-Supervision From Synthetic Optical Flow15 Jan 2022
- 2021Bridging the Gap between Label- and Reference-based Synthesis in Multi-attribute Image-to-Image Translation11 Oct 2021
- 2021Leveraging Local Domains for Image-to-Image Translation9 Sep 2021
- 2021Physics-informed Guided Disentanglement in Generative Networks29 Jul 2021
- 2021Smoothing the Disentangled Latent Style Space for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation16 Jun 2021
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2022Diff-Font: Diffusion Model for Robust One-Shot Font Generationcited by 40
- 2023Training-free Content Injection using h-space in Diffusion Modelscited by 36
- 2025DiffV2IR: Visible-to-Infrared Diffusion Model via Vision-Language Understandingcited by 16
- 2024C-DiffSET: Leveraging Latent Diffusion for SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Confidence-Guided Reliable Object Generationcited by 8
- 2023Progressive Text-to-Image Diffusion with Soft Latent Directioncited by 6
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decouplingcited by 1
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decoupling2 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffV2IR: Visible-to-Infrared Diffusion Model via Vision-Language Understanding24 Mar 2025
- 2024C-DiffSET: Leveraging Latent Diffusion for SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Confidence-Guided Reliable Object Generation16 Nov 2024
- 2023Progressive Text-to-Image Diffusion with Soft Latent Direction18 Sep 2023
- 2023Training-free Content Injection using h-space in Diffusion Models27 Mar 2023
- 2022Diff-Font: Diffusion Model for Robust One-Shot Font Generation12 Dec 2022
- 2023Zero-shot Image-to-Image Translationcited by 503
- 2022Domain Enhanced Arbitrary Image Style Transfer via Contrastive Learningcited by 93
- 2021DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 70
- 2021The Spatially-Correlative Loss for Various Image Translation Taskscited by 66
- 2022TAPE: Task-Agnostic Prior Embedding for Image Restorationcited by 54
- 2021DivCo: Diverse Conditional Image Synthesis via Contrastive Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 37
- 2021Smoothing the Disentangled Latent Style Space for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 35
- 2022Few-Shot Font Generation by Learning Fine-Grained Local Stylescited by 34
- 2023Reinforcement Learning-Based Black-Box Model Inversion Attackscited by 33
- 2023General Image-to-Image Translation with One-Shot Image Guidancecited by 31
- 2022InstaFormer: Instance-Aware Image-to-Image Translation with Transformercited by 28
- 2021CoMoGAN: continuous model-guided image-to-image translationcited by 27
12 most cited of 50 All 50 (JSON)
- 2024Shape-Preserving Generation of Food Images for Automatic Dietary Assessment23 Aug 2024
- 2024Exploring Generative AI for Sim2Real in Driving Data Synthesis14 Apr 2024
- 2023One-for-All: Towards Universal Domain Translation with a Single StyleGAN22 Oct 2023
- 2023Few shot font generation via transferring similarity guided global style and quantization local style2 Sep 2023
- 2023Human-Inspired Facial Sketch Synthesis with Dynamic Adaptation1 Sep 2023
- 2023EqGAN: Feature Equalization Fusion for Few-shot Image Generation27 Jul 2023
- 2023General Image-to-Image Translation with One-Shot Image Guidance20 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Survey26 Jun 2023
- 2023Domain-Scalable Unpaired Image Translation via Latent Space Anchoring26 Jun 2023
- 2023Progressive Energy-Based Cooperative Learning for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translation26 Jun 2023
- 2023Weakly Supervised Scene Text Generation for Low-resource Languages25 Jun 2023
- 2023UTSGAN: Unseen Transition Suss GAN for Transition-Aware Image-to-image Translation24 Apr 2023
12 newest of 50 All 50 (JSON)