mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unbiased Teacher for Semi-Supervised Object Detection

arXiv 2102.09480 ↗First posted 18 Feb 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 305

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Abstract (arXiv)

Semi-supervised learning, i.e., training networks with both labeled and unlabeled data, has made significant progress recently. However, existing works have primarily focused on image classification tasks and neglected object detection which requires more annotation effort. In this work, we revisit the Semi-Supervised Object Detection (SS-OD) and identify the pseudo-labeling bias issue in SS-OD. To address this, we introduce Unbiased Teacher, a simple yet effective approach that jointly trains a student and a gradually progressing teacher in a mutually-beneficial manner. Together with a class-balance loss to downweight overly confident pseudo-labels, Unbiased Teacher consistently improved state-of-the-art methods by significant margins on COCO-standard, COCO-additional, and VOC datasets. Specifically, Unbiased Teacher achieves 6.8 absolute mAP improvements against state-of-the-art method when using 1% of labeled data on MS-COCO, achieves around 10 mAP improvements against the supervised baseline when using only 0.5, 1, 2% of labeled data on MS-COCO.

Key facts. Cited by 305 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2021.

Builds on

39 of 49 references.

References · 39

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  5. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  6. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  7. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  8. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,155
  9. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  10. 2020Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learningcited by 4,712
  11. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,125
  12. 2019CutMix: Regularization Strategy to Train Strong Classifiers with Localizable Featurescited by 2,875
27 more
  1. 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
  2. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,080
  3. 2017Improved Regularization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Cutoutcited by 1,623
  4. 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,429
  5. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
  6. 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
  7. 2017Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detectioncited by 1,275
  8. 2017Random Erasing Data Augmentationcited by 1,235
  9. 2016Temporal Ensembling for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,054
  10. 2017Virtual Adversarial Training: A Regularization Method for Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 918
  11. 2019AugMix: A Simple Data Processing Method to Improve Robustness and Uncertaintycited by 897
  12. 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
  13. 2016Training Region-based Object Detectors with Online Hard Example Miningcited by 577
  14. 2016Regularization With Stochastic Transformations and Perturbations for Deep Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 441
  15. 2019ReMixMatch: Semi-Supervised Learning with Distribution Alignment and Augmentation Anchoringcited by 349
  16. 2020A Simple Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Object Detectioncited by 282
  17. 2018Acquisition of Localization Confidence for Accurate Object Detectioncited by 174
  18. 2018MixUp as Locally Linear Out-Of-Manifold Regularizationcited by 158
  19. 2020Overcoming Classifier Imbalance for Long-tail Object Detection with Balanced Group Softmaxcited by 152
  20. 2018Deep Co-Training for Semi-Supervised Image Recognitioncited by 145
  21. 2019Imbalance Problems in Object Detection: A Reviewcited by 118
  22. 2020FeatMatch: Feature-Based Augmentation for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 57
  23. 2020Proposal Learning for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 55
  24. 2018NOTE-RCNN: NOise Tolerant Ensemble RCNN for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 37
  25. 2014LSDA: Large Scale Detection Through Adaptationcited by 32
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  27. 2018Tangent-Normal Adversarial Regularization for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 83; 2023: 78; 2024: 77; 2025: 27; 2026: 20.

305 papers.

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  1. 2022Detecting Twenty-thousand Classes using Image-level Supervisioncited by 613
  2. 2021Localizing Objects with Self-Supervised Transformers and no Labelscited by 227
  3. 2022Revisiting Weak-to-Strong Consistency in Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 177
  4. 2022Self-Supervised Transformers for Unsupervised Object Discovery using Normalized Cutcited by 166
  5. 2022Open-Vocabulary Universal Image Segmentation with MaskCLIPcited by 131
  6. 2021Cross-Domain Adaptive Teacher for Object Detectioncited by 125
  7. 2022TokenCut: Segmenting Objects in Images and Videos with Self-supervised Transformer and Normalized Cutcited by 111
  8. 2022CODA: A Real-World Road Corner Case Dataset for Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 100
  9. 2022USB: A Unified Semi-supervised Learning Benchmark for Classificationcited by 95
  10. 2021Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Object Detectors: A Surveycited by 93
  11. 2021Open-Vocabulary Instance Segmentation via Robust Cross-Modal Pseudo-Labelingcited by 84
  12. 2022Memory Replay with Data Compression for Continual Learningcited by 80
38 more
  1. 2021DETReg: Unsupervised Pretraining with Region Priors for Object Detectioncited by 76
  2. 2022Scribble-Supervised LiDAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 69
  3. 2022Unbiased Teacher v2: Semi-supervised Object Detection for Anchor-free and Anchor-based Detectorscited by 69
  4. 2022SVFormer: Semi-supervised Video Transformer for Action Recognitioncited by 67
  5. 2022Unsupervised Object Localization: Observing the Background to Discover Objectscited by 66
  6. 2022Class-Aware Contrastive Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 62
  7. 2023A Survey on Open-Vocabulary Detection and Segmentation: Past, Present, and Futurecited by 59
  8. 2022Learning Domain Adaptive Object Detection with Probabilistic Teachercited by 57
  9. 2022Instance Relation Graph Guided Source-Free Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 55
  10. 2024SoftPatch: Unsupervised Anomaly Detection with Noisy Datacited by 55
  11. 2022Entropy-based Active Learning for Object Detection with Progressive Diversity Constraintcited by 53
  12. 2024UniMatch V2: Pushing the Limit of Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 53
  13. 2022Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Deep Visual Learning: A Surveycited by 52
  14. 2022PseCo: Pseudo Labeling and Consistency Training for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 51
  15. 2022Semi-supervised Vision Transformers at Scalecited by 49
  16. 2022Dense Teacher: Dense Pseudo-Labels for Semi-supervised Object Detectioncited by 48
  17. 2022Cross Domain Object Detection by Target-Perceived Dual Branch Distillationcited by 46
  18. 2021Rethinking Pseudo Labels for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 45
  19. 2021Structured Sparse R-CNN for Direct Scene Graph Generationcited by 44
  20. 2022Label Matching Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 44
  21. 2021SODA10M: A Large-Scale 2D Self/Semi-Supervised Object Detection Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 43
  22. 2021Label, Verify, Correct: A Simple Few Shot Object Detection Methodcited by 43
  23. 2022Consistent-Teacher: Towards Reducing Inconsistent Pseudo-targets in Semi-supervised Object Detectioncited by 43
  24. 2023Active Teacher for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 43
  25. 2021Decoupled Adaptation for Cross-Domain Object Detectioncited by 37
  26. 2022Towards Online Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 36
  27. 2021Data Efficient Language-supervised Zero-shot Recognition with Optimal Transport Distillationcited by 35
  28. 2021Consistency-based Active Learning for Object Detectioncited by 32
  29. 2022Dense Learning based Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 32
  30. 2021Data-Free Knowledge Transfer: A Surveycited by 31
  31. 2022BoxTeacher: Exploring High-Quality Pseudo Labels for Weakly Supervised Instance Segmentationcited by 31
  32. 2021Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Adaptive Class-Rebalancing Self-Trainingcited by 28
  33. 2022Omni-DETR: Omni-Supervised Object Detection with Transformerscited by 28
  34. 2023Semi-DETR: Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Detection Transformerscited by 27
  35. 2024Audio-Visual Segmentation via Unlabeled Frame Exploitationcited by 27
  36. 2024AIDE: An Automatic Data Engine for Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
  37. 2022Semi-Supervised Training to Improve Player and Ball Detection in Soccercited by 25
  38. 2023Taming Self-Training for Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 25

50 most cited of 305 All 305 (JSON)