mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Object Detectors: A Survey

arXiv 2105.13502 ↗First posted 27 May 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 93

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in deep learning have led to the development of accurate and efficient models for various computer vision applications such as classification, segmentation, and detection. However, learning highly accurate models relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. Due to this, model performance drops drastically when evaluated on label-scarce datasets having visually distinct images, termed as domain adaptation problem. There is a plethora of works to adapt classification and segmentation models to label-scarce target datasets through unsupervised domain adaptation. Considering that detection is a fundamental task in computer vision, many recent works have focused on developing novel domain adaptive detection techniques. Here, we describe in detail the domain adaptation problem for detection and present an extensive survey of the various methods. Furthermore, we highlight strategies proposed and the associated shortcomings. Subsequently, we identify multiple aspects of the problem that are most promising for future research. We believe that this survey shall be valuable to the pattern recognition experts working in the fields of computer vision, biometrics, medical imaging, and autonomous navigation by introducing them to the problem, and familiarizing them with the current status of the progress while providing promising directions for future research.

Key facts. Cited by 93 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 141 of its 206 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 May 2021.

Builds on

141 of 206 references.

References · 141

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  4. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  5. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  6. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
  7. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  8. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  9. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,414
  10. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
  11. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,720
  12. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
38 more
  1. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,859
  2. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
  3. 2017Squeeze-and-Excitation Networkscited by 4,789
  4. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,444
  5. 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
  6. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,241
  7. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,130
  8. 2015Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networkscited by 3,044
  9. 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,479
  10. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,085
  11. 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 2,010
  12. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,577
  13. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,391
  14. 2019Mastering Atari, Go, Chess and Shogi by Planning with a Learned Modelcited by 1,353
  15. 2018Moment Matching for Multi-Source Domain Adaptationcited by 1,331
  16. 2017Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptationcited by 1,311
  17. 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,288
  18. 2018Spatial Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognitioncited by 1,209
  19. 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Transfer Learningcited by 1,160
  20. 2017CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptationcited by 1,082
  21. 2016Temporal Ensembling for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,057
  22. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  23. 2017Maximum Classifier Discrepancy for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 683
  24. 2018Deep Visual Domain Adaptation: A Surveycited by 635
  25. 2017Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation Networkscited by 603
  26. 2018Learning to Adapt Structured Output Space for Semantic Segmentationcited by 584
  27. 2019Object Detection in 20 Years: A Surveycited by 531
  28. 2018Object Detection with Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 528
  29. 2017Benchmarking Single Image Dehazing and Beyondcited by 447
  30. 2018Domain Adaptive Faster R-CNN for Object Detection in the Wildcited by 443
  31. 2017Semantic Foggy Scene Understanding with Synthetic Datacited by 403
  32. 2018Deep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Surveycited by 392
  33. 2015Return of Frustratingly Easy Domain Adaptationcited by 391
  34. 2018A Survey of Unsupervised Deep Domain Adaptationcited by 361
  35. 2016Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Residual Transfer Networkscited by 341
  36. 2019Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation via Minimax Entropycited by 335
  37. 2017DualGAN: Unsupervised Dual Learning for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 310
  38. 2019Bidirectional Learning for Domain Adaptation of Semantic Segmentationcited by 308

50 most cited of 141 All 141 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 5; 2023: 20; 2024: 33; 2025: 24; 2026: 7.

93 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Deep Unsupervised Domain Adaptation: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectivescited by 98
  2. 2023Contrastive Mean Teacher for Domain Adaptive Object Detectorscited by 53
  3. 2024Lightweight Adaptive Feature De-drifting for Compressed Image Classificationcited by 46
  4. 2023COCO-O: A Benchmark for Object Detectors under Natural Distribution Shiftscited by 34
  5. 2023Survey on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation for Visual Perception in Automated Drivingcited by 29
  6. 2024Improving Single Domain-Generalized Object Detection: A Focus on Diversification and Alignmentcited by 29
  7. 2021Meta-UDA: Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Thermal Object Detection using Meta-Learningcited by 25
  8. 2023A Survey on the Robustness of Computer Vision Models against Common Corruptionscited by 21
  9. 2024RoboFusion: Towards Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection via SAMcited by 20
  10. 2023S2R-ViT for Multi-Agent Cooperative Perception: Bridging the Gap from Simulation to Realitycited by 18
  11. 2025Ultralytics YOLO Evolution: An Overview of YOLO27, YOLO26, YOLO11, YOLOv8, and YOLOv5 Object Detectors for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognitioncited by 18
  12. 2022Relation Matters: Foreground-aware Graph-based Relational Reasoning for Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 17
38 more
  1. 2024G-NAS: Generalizable Neural Architecture Search for Single Domain Generalization Object Detectioncited by 17
  2. 2023DARTH: Holistic Test-time Adaptation for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 15
  3. 2021Attentive Prototypes for Source-free Unsupervised Domain Adaptive 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
  4. 2024Align and Distill: Unifying and Improving Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 12
  5. 2025EventFly: Event Camera Perception from Ground to the Skycited by 10
  6. 2023Enhancing Multi-Camera People Tracking with Anchor-Guided Clustering and Spatio-Temporal Consistency ID Re-Assignmentcited by 9
  7. 2023Domain-Guided Conditional Diffusion Model for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 9
  8. 2024Source-Free Domain Adaptation for YOLO Object Detectioncited by 9
  9. 2022OSSID: Online Self-Supervised Instance Detection by (and for) Pose Estimationcited by 8
  10. 2024AD-Aligning: Emulating Human-like Generalization for Cognitive Domain Adaptation in Deep Learningcited by 8
  11. 2021Unsupervised domain adaptation for clinician pose estimation and instance segmentation in the operating roomcited by 7
  12. 2022Making the Best of Both Worlds: A Domain-Oriented Transformer for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 7
  13. 2024AHA: Human-Assisted Out-of-Distribution Generalization and Detectioncited by 7
  14. 2023Few-shot Fine-tuning is All You Need for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 6
  15. 2024Recall and Refine: A Simple but Effective Source-free Open-set Domain Adaptation Frameworkcited by 6
  16. 2024CATALOG: A Camera Trap Language-guided Contrastive Learning Modelcited by 6
  17. 2024DA-BEV: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Bird's Eye View Perceptioncited by 5
  18. 2024Colorectal Polyp Segmentation in the Deep Learning Era: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
  19. 2024Domain Adaptive Detection of MAVs: A Benchmark and Noise Suppression Networkcited by 4
  20. 2024Unsupervised Object Discovery: A Comprehensive Survey and Unified Taxonomycited by 4
  21. 2025Cut-and-Splat: Leveraging Gaussian Splatting for Synthetic Data Generationcited by 4
  22. 2025UPRE: Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation for Object Detection via Unified Prompt and Representation Enhancementcited by 4
  23. 2023Assessing Domain Gap for Continual Domain Adaptation in Object Detectioncited by 3
  24. 2023Supervision Interpolation via LossMix: Generalizing Mixup for Object Detection and Beyondcited by 3
  25. 2024Uncertainty-Guided Alignment for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Regressioncited by 3
  26. 2021Adversarially Trained Object Detector for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 2
  27. 2023Key Design Choices for Double-Transfer in Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 2
  28. 2023ShadowSense: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation and Feature Fusion for Shadow-Agnostic Tree Crown Detection from RGB-Thermal Drone Imagerycited by 2
  29. 2024CodaMal: Contrastive Domain Adaptation for Malaria Detection in Low-Cost Microscopescited by 2
  30. 2024Source-free Domain Adaptation for Video Object Detection Under Adverse Image Conditionscited by 2
  31. 2024Pixel-Level Domain Adaptation: A New Perspective for Enhancing Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
  32. 2024TiROD: Tiny Robotics Dataset and Benchmark for Continual Object Detectioncited by 2
  33. 2025Continual Test-Time Adaptation for Single Image Defocus Deblurring via Causal Siamese Networkscited by 2
  34. 2025Single-Domain Generalized Object Detection by Balancing Domain Diversity and Invariancecited by 2
  35. 2025TITAN: Query-Token based Domain Adaptive Adversarial Learningcited by 2
  36. 2023Assessing Systematic Weaknesses of DNNs using Counterfactualscited by 1
  37. 2023Semi-Supervised Domain Generalization for Object Detection via Language-Guided Feature Alignmentcited by 1
  38. 2023SADA: Semantic adversarial unsupervised domain adaptation for Temporal Action Localizationcited by 1

50 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)