mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

USB: A Unified Semi-supervised Learning Benchmark for Classification

arXiv 2208.07204 ↗First posted 12 Aug 2022cs.LG cs.AI cs.CVcited by 95

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Abstract (arXiv)

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) improves model generalization by leveraging massive unlabeled data to augment limited labeled samples. However, currently, popular SSL evaluation protocols are often constrained to computer vision (CV) tasks. In addition, previous work typically trains deep neural networks from scratch, which is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. To address the above issues, we construct a Unified SSL Benchmark (USB) for classification by selecting 15 diverse, challenging, and comprehensive tasks from CV, natural language processing (NLP), and audio processing (Audio), on which we systematically evaluate the dominant SSL methods, and also open-source a modular and extensible codebase for fair evaluation of these SSL methods. We further provide the pre-trained versions of the state-of-the-art neural models for CV tasks to make the cost affordable for further tuning. USB enables the evaluation of a single SSL algorithm on more tasks from multiple domains but with less cost. Specifically, on a single NVIDIA V100, only 39 GPU days are required to evaluate FixMatch on 15 tasks in USB while 335 GPU days (279 GPU days on 4 CV datasets except for ImageNet) are needed on 5 CV tasks with TorchSSL.

Key facts. Cited by 95 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 80 of its 133 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Aug 2022.

Builds on

80 of 133 references.

References · 80

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38 more
  1. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,905
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 32; 2024: 31; 2025: 19; 2026: 9.

95 papers.

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  1. 2023PandaLM: An Automatic Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Instruction Tuning Optimizationcited by 316
  2. 2023Data-centric Artificial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 203
  3. 2023SoftMatch: Addressing the Quantity-Quality Trade-off in Semi-supervised Learningcited by 133
  4. 2023OpenSTL: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Spatio-Temporal Predictive Learningcited by 54
  5. 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Trainingcited by 39
  6. 2024DASB - Discrete Audio and Speech Benchmarkcited by 32
  7. 2023Understanding and Mitigating the Label Noise in Pre-training on Downstream Taskscited by 27
  8. 2023IOMatch: Simplifying Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learning with Joint Inliers and Outliers Utilizationcited by 23
  9. 2024HiLo: A Learning Framework for Generalized Category Discovery Robust to Domain Shiftscited by 23
  10. 2024PanDA: Towards Panoramic Depth Anything with Unlabeled Panoramas and Mobius Spatial Augmentationcited by 22
  11. 2023LabelBench: A Comprehensive Framework for Benchmarking Adaptive Label-Efficient Learningcited by 20
  12. 2023FlatMatch: Bridging Labeled Data and Unlabeled Data with Cross-Sharpness for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 20
38 more
  1. 2023Supervised Knowledge Makes Large Language Models Better In-context Learnerscited by 20
  2. 2024Erasing the Bias: Fine-Tuning Foundation Models for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 19
  3. 2024CBGBench: Fill in the Blank of Protein-Molecule Complex Binding Graphcited by 19
  4. 2023Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differential Privacycited by 17
  5. 2023Rethinking Semi-supervised Learning with Language Modelscited by 17
  6. 2024On Catastrophic Inheritance of Large Foundation Modelscited by 15
  7. 2023Neighborhood-Regularized Self-Training for Learning with Few Labelscited by 14
  8. 2023SemiReward: A General Reward Model for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 14
  9. 2023InstanT: Semi-supervised Learning with Instance-dependent Thresholdscited by 13
  10. 2022An Embarrassingly Simple Baseline for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 12
  11. 2023SimMatchV2: Semi-Supervised Learning with Graph Consistencycited by 12
  12. 2022Fix-A-Step: Semi-supervised Learning from Uncurated Unlabeled Datacited by 11
  13. 2025CGMatch: A Different Perspective of Semi-supervised Learningcited by 11
  14. 2025CustomKD: Customizing Large Vision Foundation for Edge Model Improvement via Knowledge Distillationcited by 11
  15. 2024ELFS: Label-Free Coreset Selection with Proxy Training Dynamicscited by 10
  16. 2023Imprecise Label Learning: A Unified Framework for Learning with Various Imprecise Label Configurationscited by 9
  17. 2023SSB: Simple but Strong Baseline for Boosting Performance of Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 9
  18. 2024Switch EMA: A Free Lunch for Better Flatness and Sharpnesscited by 9
  19. 2023Using Unreliable Pseudo-Labels for Label-Efficient Semantic Segmentationcited by 8
  20. 2023Systematic comparison of semi-supervised and self-supervised learning for medical image classificationcited by 8
  21. 2024Impact of Noisy Supervision in Foundation Model Learningcited by 8
  22. 2024Robust Semi-Supervised Learning in Open Environmentscited by 8
  23. 2026FML-bench: A Controlled Study of AI Research Agent Strategies from the Perspective of Search Dynamicscited by 8
  24. 2022FactMix: Using a Few Labeled In-domain Examples to Generalize to Cross-domain Named Entity Recognitioncited by 7
  25. 2023Flexible Distribution Alignment: Towards Long-tailed Semi-supervised Learning with Proper Calibrationcited by 7
  26. 2024A General Framework for Learning from Weak Supervisioncited by 7
  27. 2023OTMatch: Improving Semi-Supervised Learning with Optimal Transportcited by 6
  28. 2024RankUp: Boosting Semi-Supervised Regression with an Auxiliary Ranking Classifiercited by 6
  29. 2025When Confidence Fails: Revisiting Pseudo-Label Selection in Semi-supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 6
  30. 2024Towards Understanding Why FixMatch Generalizes Better Than Supervised Learningcited by 5
  31. 2023DisCo: Distilled Student Models Co-training for Semi-supervised Text Miningcited by 4
  32. 2023Language Semantic Graph Guided Data-Efficient Learningcited by 4
  33. 2023FAGC:Feature Augmentation on Geodesic Curve in the Pre-Shape Spacecited by 4
  34. 2024Harmonizing Flows: Leveraging normalizing flows for unsupervised and source-free MRI harmonizationcited by 4
  35. 2024You can't handle the (dirty) truth: Data-centric insights improve pseudo-labelingcited by 3
  36. 2025Re-Evaluating the Impact of Unseen-Class Unlabeled Data on Semi-Supervised Learning Modelcited by 3
  37. 2022Exploiting Unlabeled Data for Target-Oriented Opinion Words Extractioncited by 2
  38. 2023How To Overcome Confirmation Bias in Semi-Supervised Image Classification By Active Learningcited by 2

50 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)