PlotMachines: Outline-Conditioned Generation with Dynamic Plot State Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose the task of outline-conditioned story generation: given an outline as a set of phrases that describe key characters and events to appear in a story, the task is to generate a coherent narrative that is consistent with the provided outline. This task is challenging as the input only provides a rough sketch of the plot, and thus, models need to generate a story by interweaving the key points provided in the outline. This requires the model to keep track of the dynamic states of the latent plot, conditioning on the input outline while generating the full story. We present PlotMachines, a neural narrative model that learns to transform an outline into a coherent story by tracking the dynamic plot states. In addition, we enrich PlotMachines with high-level discourse structure so that the model can learn different writing styles corresponding to different parts of the narrative. Comprehensive experiments over three fiction and non-fiction datasets demonstrate that large-scale language models, such as GPT-2 and Grover, despite their impressive generation performance, are not sufficient in generating coherent narratives for the given outline, and dynamic plot state tracking is important for composing narratives with tighter, more consistent plots.
Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 35; 2023: 15; 2024: 12; 2025: 7; 2026: 12.
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- 2021MAUVE: Measuring the Gap Between Neural Text and Human Text using Divergence Frontierscited by 468
- 2022Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revisioncited by 193
- 2022Co-Writing Screenplays and Theatre Scripts with Language Models: An Evaluation by Industry Professionalscited by 191
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- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 122
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 96
- 2022Of Human Criteria and Automatic Metrics: A Benchmark of the Evaluation of Story Generationcited by 73
- 2023The Next Chapter: A Study of Large Language Models in Storytellingcited by 58
- 2023On the Creativity of Large Language Modelscited by 57
- 2022Dungeons and Dragons as a Dialog Challenge for Artificial Intelligencecited by 35
- 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practicecited by 35
38 more
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- 2021Inferring the Reader: Guiding Automated Story Generation with Commonsense Reasoningcited by 29
- 2022CTRLEval: An Unsupervised Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Controlled Text Generationcited by 29
- 2021Automatic Story Generation: Challenges and Attemptscited by 28
- 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generationcited by 24
- 2024Analyzing Temporal Complex Events with Large Language Models? A Benchmark towards Temporal, Long Context Understandingcited by 23
- 2022When a sentence does not introduce a discourse entity, Transformer-based models still sometimes refer to itcited by 22
- 2022Open-world Story Generation with Structured Knowledge Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 22
- 2024Creating Suspenseful Stories: Iterative Planning with Large Language Modelscited by 22
- 2024HoLLMwood: Unleashing the Creativity of Large Language Models in Screenwriting via Role Playingcited by 22
- 2021Creativity and Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 21
- 2021proScript: Partially Ordered Scripts Generation via Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 21
- 2021Plug-and-Blend: A Framework for Controllable Story Generation with Blended Control Codescited by 19
- 2021GraphPlan: Story Generation by Planning with Event Graphcited by 18
- 2022EtriCA: Event-Triggered Context-Aware Story Generation Augmented by Cross Attentioncited by 17
- 2024What Makes a Good Story and How Can We Measure It? A Comprehensive Survey of Story Evaluationcited by 17
- 2022A Corpus for Understanding and Generating Moral Storiescited by 16
- 2022Persona-Guided Planning for Controlling the Protagonist's Persona in Story Generationcited by 15
- 2021Goal-Directed Story Generation: Augmenting Generative Language Models with Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
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- 2023GROVE: A Retrieval-augmented Complex Story Generation Framework with A Forest of Evidencecited by 14
- 2021Plot-guided Adversarial Example Construction for Evaluating Open-domain Story Generationcited by 13
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- 2021Guiding Neural Story Generation with Reader Modelscited by 12
- 2023LongStory: Coherent, Complete and Length Controlled Long story Generationcited by 12
- 2024A Character-Centric Creative Story Generation via Imaginationcited by 12
- 2022Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generationcited by 11
- 2025VIST-GPT: Ushering in the Era of Visual Storytelling with LLMs?cited by 11
- 2021DiSCoL: Toward Engaging Dialogue Systems through Conversational Line Guided Response Generationcited by 10
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- 2022Improving Chinese Story Generation via Awareness of Syntactic Dependencies and Semanticscited by 10
- 2022Creative Wand: A System to Study Effects of Communications in Co-Creative Settingscited by 9
- 2024CHIRON: Rich Character Representations in Long-Form Narrativescited by 9
- 2025STORYTELLER: An Enhanced Plot-Planning Framework for Coherent and Cohesive Story Generationcited by 9
50 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)
- 2026Evaluating Whether LLMs Can Reliably Connect the DOTs?29 Sep 2026
- 2026Scaling Long-Form Story Generation via Narrative State Tracking28 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Poetry: Can Large Language Models Generate Classical Arabic Maqamat?23 Sep 2026
- 2026Can LLM Agents Stick to the Script? A Benchmark for Long-Horizon Consistency in Interactive Narratives8 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards Human-Level Book-Writing Capability16 May 2026
- 2026Grokers: Bottom-Up Inductive Comprehension and Write-Time Intelligence over Typed Knowledge Graphs7 May 2026
- 2026Towards a Linguistic Evaluation of Narratives: A Quantitative Stylistic Framework21 Apr 2026
- 2026PlotTwist: A Creative Plot Generation Framework with Small Language Models17 Mar 2026
- 2026MDM-Prime-v2: Binary Encoding and Index Shuffling Enable Scaling of Diffusion Language Models17 Mar 2026
- 2026RAVEL: Reasoning Agents for Validating and Evaluating LLM Text Synthesis28 Feb 2026
- 2026Comparative Study of Large Language Models on Chinese Film Script Continuation: An Empirical Analysis Based on GPT-5.2 and Qwen-Max21 Jan 2026
- 2026Codified Foreshadowing-Payoff Text Generation11 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025Beyond Direct Generation: A Decomposed Approach to Well-Crafted Screenwriting with LLMs27 Oct 2025
- 2025CML-Bench: A Framework for Evaluating and Enhancing LLM-Powered Movie Scripts Generation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Story Ribbons: Reimagining Storyline Visualizations with Large Language Models9 Aug 2025
- 2025Long Story Generation via Knowledge Graph and Literary Theory5 Aug 2025
- 2025STORYTELLER: An Enhanced Plot-Planning Framework for Coherent and Cohesive Story Generation3 Jun 2025
- 2025Frankentext: Stitching random text fragments into long-form narratives23 May 2025
- 2025VIST-GPT: Ushering in the Era of Visual Storytelling with LLMs?27 Apr 2025
- 2024Creativity in AI: Progresses and Challenges22 Oct 2024
- 2024A Character-Centric Creative Story Generation via Imagination25 Sep 2024
- 2024Kahaani: A Multimodal Co-Creative Storytelling System17 Sep 2024
- 2024What Makes a Good Story and How Can We Measure It? A Comprehensive Survey of Story Evaluation26 Aug 2024
- 2024HoLLMwood: Unleashing the Creativity of Large Language Models in Screenwriting via Role Playing17 Jun 2024
- 2024GPT-Powered Elicitation Interview Script Generator for Requirements Engineering Training17 Jun 2024
- 2024CHIRON: Rich Character Representations in Long-Form Narratives14 Jun 2024
- 2024Analyzing Temporal Complex Events with Large Language Models? A Benchmark towards Temporal, Long Context Understanding4 Jun 2024
- 2024Do Language Models Enjoy Their Own Stories? Prompting Large Language Models for Automatic Story Evaluation22 May 2024
- 2024Creating Suspenseful Stories: Iterative Planning with Large Language Models27 Feb 2024
- 2024SWAG: Storytelling With Action Guidance5 Feb 2024
- 2024Investigating Content Planning for Navigating Trade-offs in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue3 Feb 2024
- 2023LongStory: Coherent, Complete and Length Controlled Long story Generation26 Nov 2023
- 2023A Cross-Attention Augmented Model for Event-Triggered Context-Aware Story Generation19 Nov 2023
- 2023End-to-end Story Plot Generator13 Oct 2023
- 2023GROVE: A Retrieval-augmented Complex Story Generation Framework with A Forest of Evidence9 Oct 2023
- 2023Visual Storytelling with Question-Answer Plans8 Oct 2023
- 2023Art or Artifice? Large Language Models and the False Promise of Creativity25 Sep 2023
- 2023"Kurosawa": A Script Writer's Assistant6 Aug 2023
- 2023Advancing Precise Outline-Conditioned Text Generation with Task Duality and Explicit Outline Control23 May 2023
- 2023STORYWARS: A Dataset and Instruction Tuning Baselines for Collaborative Story Understanding and Generation14 May 2023
- 2023HistAlign: Improving Context Dependency in Language Generation by Aligning with History8 May 2023
- 2023On the Creativity of Large Language Models27 Mar 2023
- 2023Interactive Text Generation2 Mar 2023
- 2023The Next Chapter: A Study of Large Language Models in Storytelling24 Jan 2023
- 2023Visual Writing Prompts: Character-Grounded Story Generation with Curated Image Sequences20 Jan 2023
- 2023Sequentially Controlled Text Generation5 Jan 2023
- 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practice30 Dec 2022
- 2022CoRRPUS: Code-based Structured Prompting for Neurosymbolic Story Understanding21 Dec 2022
- 2022Little Red Riding Hood Goes Around the Globe:Crosslingual Story Planning and Generation with Large Language Models20 Dec 2022
- 2022Future Sight: Dynamic Story Generation with Large Pretrained Language Models20 Dec 2022
50 newest of 104 All 104 (JSON)
- 2021MAUVE: Measuring the Gap Between Neural Text and Human Text using Divergence Frontierscited by 468
- 2022Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revisioncited by 193
- 2022Co-Writing Screenplays and Theatre Scripts with Language Models: An Evaluation by Industry Professionalscited by 191
- 2023Art or Artifice? Large Language Models and the False Promise of Creativitycited by 168
- 2021How much do language models copy from their training data? Evaluating linguistic novelty in text generation using RAVENcited by 124
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 122
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 96
- 2022Of Human Criteria and Automatic Metrics: A Benchmark of the Evaluation of Story Generationcited by 73
- 2023The Next Chapter: A Study of Large Language Models in Storytellingcited by 58
- 2023On the Creativity of Large Language Modelscited by 57
- 2022Dungeons and Dragons as a Dialog Challenge for Artificial Intelligencecited by 35
- 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practicecited by 35
12 most cited of 97 All 97 (JSON)
- 2026Evaluating Whether LLMs Can Reliably Connect the DOTs?29 Sep 2026
- 2026Scaling Long-Form Story Generation via Narrative State Tracking28 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Poetry: Can Large Language Models Generate Classical Arabic Maqamat?23 Sep 2026
- 2026Grokers: Bottom-Up Inductive Comprehension and Write-Time Intelligence over Typed Knowledge Graphs7 May 2026
- 2026Towards a Linguistic Evaluation of Narratives: A Quantitative Stylistic Framework21 Apr 2026
- 2026Comparative Study of Large Language Models on Chinese Film Script Continuation: An Empirical Analysis Based on GPT-5.2 and Qwen-Max21 Jan 2026
- 2026Codified Foreshadowing-Payoff Text Generation11 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Direct Generation: A Decomposed Approach to Well-Crafted Screenwriting with LLMs27 Oct 2025
- 2025CML-Bench: A Framework for Evaluating and Enhancing LLM-Powered Movie Scripts Generation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Story Ribbons: Reimagining Storyline Visualizations with Large Language Models9 Aug 2025
- 2025Long Story Generation via Knowledge Graph and Literary Theory5 Aug 2025
- 2025STORYTELLER: An Enhanced Plot-Planning Framework for Coherent and Cohesive Story Generation3 Jun 2025
12 newest of 97 All 97 (JSON)