mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

PlotMachines: Outline-Conditioned Generation with Dynamic Plot State Tracking

arXiv 2004.14967 ↗First posted 30 Apr 2020cs.CLcited by 104

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose the task of outline-conditioned story generation: given an outline as a set of phrases that describe key characters and events to appear in a story, the task is to generate a coherent narrative that is consistent with the provided outline. This task is challenging as the input only provides a rough sketch of the plot, and thus, models need to generate a story by interweaving the key points provided in the outline. This requires the model to keep track of the dynamic states of the latent plot, conditioning on the input outline while generating the full story. We present PlotMachines, a neural narrative model that learns to transform an outline into a coherent story by tracking the dynamic plot states. In addition, we enrich PlotMachines with high-level discourse structure so that the model can learn different writing styles corresponding to different parts of the narrative. Comprehensive experiments over three fiction and non-fiction datasets demonstrate that large-scale language models, such as GPT-2 and Grover, despite their impressive generation performance, are not sufficient in generating coherent narratives for the given outline, and dynamic plot state tracking is important for composing narratives with tighter, more consistent plots.

Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Apr 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 35; 2023: 15; 2024: 12; 2025: 7; 2026: 12.

104 papers.

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  1. 2021MAUVE: Measuring the Gap Between Neural Text and Human Text using Divergence Frontierscited by 468
  2. 2022Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revisioncited by 193
  3. 2022Co-Writing Screenplays and Theatre Scripts with Language Models: An Evaluation by Industry Professionalscited by 191
  4. 2023Art or Artifice? Large Language Models and the False Promise of Creativitycited by 168
  5. 2021How much do language models copy from their training data? Evaluating linguistic novelty in text generation using RAVENcited by 124
  6. 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 122
  7. 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 96
  8. 2022Of Human Criteria and Automatic Metrics: A Benchmark of the Evaluation of Story Generationcited by 73
  9. 2023The Next Chapter: A Study of Large Language Models in Storytellingcited by 58
  10. 2023On the Creativity of Large Language Modelscited by 57
  11. 2022Dungeons and Dragons as a Dialog Challenge for Artificial Intelligencecited by 35
  12. 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practicecited by 35
38 more
  1. 2024Do Language Models Enjoy Their Own Stories? Prompting Large Language Models for Automatic Story Evaluationcited by 32
  2. 2023Visual Writing Prompts: Character-Grounded Story Generation with Curated Image Sequencescited by 31
  3. 2022PLANET: Dynamic Content Planning in Autoregressive Transformers for Long-form Text Generationcited by 30
  4. 2021Inferring the Reader: Guiding Automated Story Generation with Commonsense Reasoningcited by 29
  5. 2022CTRLEval: An Unsupervised Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Controlled Text Generationcited by 29
  6. 2021Automatic Story Generation: Challenges and Attemptscited by 28
  7. 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generationcited by 24
  8. 2024Analyzing Temporal Complex Events with Large Language Models? A Benchmark towards Temporal, Long Context Understandingcited by 23
  9. 2022When a sentence does not introduce a discourse entity, Transformer-based models still sometimes refer to itcited by 22
  10. 2022Open-world Story Generation with Structured Knowledge Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 22
  11. 2024Creating Suspenseful Stories: Iterative Planning with Large Language Modelscited by 22
  12. 2024HoLLMwood: Unleashing the Creativity of Large Language Models in Screenwriting via Role Playingcited by 22
  13. 2021Creativity and Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 21
  14. 2021proScript: Partially Ordered Scripts Generation via Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 21
  15. 2021Plug-and-Blend: A Framework for Controllable Story Generation with Blended Control Codescited by 19
  16. 2021GraphPlan: Story Generation by Planning with Event Graphcited by 18
  17. 2022EtriCA: Event-Triggered Context-Aware Story Generation Augmented by Cross Attentioncited by 17
  18. 2024What Makes a Good Story and How Can We Measure It? A Comprehensive Survey of Story Evaluationcited by 17
  19. 2022A Corpus for Understanding and Generating Moral Storiescited by 16
  20. 2022Persona-Guided Planning for Controlling the Protagonist's Persona in Story Generationcited by 15
  21. 2021Goal-Directed Story Generation: Augmenting Generative Language Models with Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  22. 2022Recent Advances in Neural Text Generation: A Task-Agnostic Surveycited by 14
  23. 2022Robust Preference Learning for Storytelling via Contrastive Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  24. 2022Artificial Intelligence for Health Message Generation: Theory, Method, and an Empirical Study Using Prompt Engineeringcited by 14
  25. 2023GROVE: A Retrieval-augmented Complex Story Generation Framework with A Forest of Evidencecited by 14
  26. 2021Plot-guided Adversarial Example Construction for Evaluating Open-domain Story Generationcited by 13
  27. 2021IGA : An Intent-Guided Authoring Assistantcited by 12
  28. 2021Guiding Neural Story Generation with Reader Modelscited by 12
  29. 2023LongStory: Coherent, Complete and Length Controlled Long story Generationcited by 12
  30. 2024A Character-Centric Creative Story Generation via Imaginationcited by 12
  31. 2022Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generationcited by 11
  32. 2025VIST-GPT: Ushering in the Era of Visual Storytelling with LLMs?cited by 11
  33. 2021DiSCoL: Toward Engaging Dialogue Systems through Conversational Line Guided Response Generationcited by 10
  34. 2022Towards Coherent and Consistent Use of Entities in Narrative Generationcited by 10
  35. 2022Improving Chinese Story Generation via Awareness of Syntactic Dependencies and Semanticscited by 10
  36. 2022Creative Wand: A System to Study Effects of Communications in Co-Creative Settingscited by 9
  37. 2024CHIRON: Rich Character Representations in Long-Form Narrativescited by 9
  38. 2025STORYTELLER: An Enhanced Plot-Planning Framework for Coherent and Cohesive Story Generationcited by 9

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