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Codified Foreshadowing-Payoff Text Generation

arXiv 2601.07033 ↗First posted 11 Jan 2026cs.CLcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Foreshadowing and payoff are ubiquitous narrative devices through which authors introduce commitments early in a story and resolve them through concrete, observable outcomes. However, despite advances in story generation, large language models (LLMs) frequently fail to bridge these long-range narrative dependencies, often leaving "Chekhov's guns" unfired even when the necessary context is present. Existing evaluations largely overlook this structural failure, focusing on surface-level coherence rather than the logical fulfillment of narrative setups. In this paper, we introduce Codified Foreshadowing-Payoff Generation (CFPG), a novel framework that reframes narrative quality through the lens of payoff realization. Recognizing that LLMs struggle to intuitively grasp the "triggering mechanism" of a foreshadowed event, CFPG transforms narrative continuity into a set of executable causal predicates. By mining and encoding Foreshadow-Trigger-Payoff triples from the BookSum corpus, we provide structured supervision that ensures foreshadowed commitments are not only mentioned but also temporally and logically fulfilled. Experiments demonstrate that CFPG significantly outperforms standard prompting baselines in payoff accuracy and narrative alignment. Our findings suggest that explicitly codifying narrative mechanics is essential for moving LLMs from surface-level fluency to genuine narrative competence.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2026.

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21 of 30 references.

References · 21

  1. 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,182
  2. 2024Tulu 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Trainingcited by 988
  3. 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 793
  4. 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 754
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  6. 2017Toward Controlled Generation of Textcited by 271
  7. 2023In-context Vectors: Making In Context Learning More Effective and Controllable Through Latent Space Steeringcited by 240
  8. 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 197
  9. 2021BookSum: A Collection of Datasets for Long-form Narrative Summarizationcited by 184
  10. 2018Learning to Write with Cooperative Discriminatorscited by 119
  11. 2020PlotMachines: Outline-Conditioned Generation with Dynamic Plot State Trackingcited by 104
  12. 2021Do Long-Range Language Models Actually Use Long-Range Context?cited by 92
9 more
  1. 2019Do Massively Pretrained Language Models Make Better Storytellers?cited by 90
  2. 2014Narrative Planning: Balancing Plot and Charactercited by 61
  3. 2024Controllable Text Generation for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 55
  4. 2021Long Text Generation by Modeling Sentence-Level and Discourse-Level Coherencecited by 45
  5. 2024Generating Long-form Story Using Dynamic Hierarchical Outlining with Memory-Enhancementcited by 30
  6. 2024CollabStory: Multi-LLM Collaborative Story Generation and Authorship Analysiscited by 26
  7. 2024Collective Critics for Creative Story Generationcited by 21
  8. 2024Quantifying and Optimizing Global Faithfulness in Persona-driven Role-playingcited by 17
  9. 2025Codifying Character Logic in Role-Playingcited by 5

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