mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CTRLEval: An Unsupervised Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Controlled Text Generation

arXiv 2204.00862 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2022cs.CL cs.AIcited by 29

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing reference-free metrics have obvious limitations for evaluating controlled text generation models. Unsupervised metrics can only provide a task-agnostic evaluation result which correlates weakly with human judgments, whereas supervised ones may overfit task-specific data with poor generalization ability to other datasets. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised reference-free metric called CTRLEval, which evaluates controlled text generation from different aspects by formulating each aspect into multiple text infilling tasks. On top of these tasks, the metric assembles the generation probabilities from a pre-trained language model without any model training. Experimental results show that our metric has higher correlations with human judgments than other baselines, while obtaining better generalization of evaluating generated texts from different models and with different qualities.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2022.

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40 of 50 references.

References · 40

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28 more
  1. 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 793
  2. 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 754
  3. 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 719
  4. 2021DExperts: Decoding-Time Controlled Text Generation with Experts and Anti-Expertscited by 434
  5. 2019MoverScore: Text Generation Evaluating with Contextualized Embeddings and Earth Mover Distancecited by 415
  6. 2020GeDi: Generative Discriminator Guided Sequence Generationcited by 377
  7. 2021FUDGE: Controlled Text Generation With Future Discriminatorscited by 374
  8. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 275
  9. 2017Toward Controlled Generation of Textcited by 271
  10. 2017Style Transfer from Non-Parallel Text by Cross-Alignmentcited by 246
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  12. 2017Emotional Chatting Machine: Emotional Conversation Generation with Internal and External Memorycited by 167
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 12; 2024: 10; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

29 papers.

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  1. 2023Towards Mitigating Hallucination in Large Language Models via Self-Reflectioncited by 81
  2. 2022On the Blind Spots of Model-Based Evaluation Metrics for Text Generationcited by 48
  3. 2022DIRECTOR: Generator-Classifiers For Supervised Language Modelingcited by 38
  4. 2023Language Models Hallucinate, but May Excel at Fact Verificationcited by 35
  5. 2022Unified Detoxifying and Debiasing in Language Generation via Inference-time Adaptive Optimizationcited by 32
  6. 2024Benchmarking Large Language Models on Controllable Generation under Diversified Instructionscited by 26
  7. 2023AI vs. Human -- Differentiation Analysis of Scientific Content Generationcited by 21
  8. 2024Themis: A Reference-free NLG Evaluation Language Model with Flexibility and Interpretabilitycited by 19
  9. 2024Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practicescited by 19
  10. 2023Towards Better Evaluation of Instruction-Following: A Case-Study in Summarizationcited by 18
  11. 2024What Makes a Good Story and How Can We Measure It? A Comprehensive Survey of Story Evaluationcited by 17
  12. 2023NLG Evaluation Metrics Beyond Correlation Analysis: An Empirical Metric Preference Checklistcited by 16
17 more
  1. 2024Navigating the Path of Writing: Outline-guided Text Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 15
  2. 2023ChatLog: Carefully Evaluating the Evolution of ChatGPT Across Timecited by 12
  3. 2023Event Causality Is Key to Computational Story Understandingcited by 11
  4. 2023Air-Decoding: Attribute Distribution Reconstruction for Decoding-Time Controllable Text Generationcited by 10
  5. 2023Seen to Unseen: Exploring Compositional Generalization of Multi-Attribute Controllable Dialogue Generationcited by 7
  6. 2023DecompEval: Evaluating Generated Texts as Unsupervised Decomposed Question Answeringcited by 7
  7. 2024RepEval: Effective Text Evaluation with LLM Representationcited by 6
  8. 2024A LLM-Based Ranking Method for the Evaluation of Automatic Counter-Narrative Generationcited by 6
  9. 2023Careful Whisper -- leveraging advances in automatic speech recognition for robust and interpretable aphasia subtype classificationcited by 5
  10. 2024Frame Representation Hypothesis: Multi-Token LLM Interpretability and Concept-Guided Text Generationcited by 5
  11. 2023Large Language Models, scientific knowledge and factuality: A framework to streamline human expert evaluationcited by 4
  12. 2024Exploring the Limits of Fine-grained LLM-based Physics Inference via Premise Removal Interventionscited by 3
  13. 2025Prompting is not Enough: Exploring Knowledge Integration and Controllable Generationcited by 1
  14. 2024Is Our Chatbot Telling Lies? Assessing Correctness of an LLM-based Dutch Support Chatbotcited by 0
  15. 2025JaccDiv: A Metric and Benchmark for Quantifying Diversity of Generated Marketing Text in the Music Industrycited by 0
  16. 2025Exploring the features used for summary evaluation by Human and GPTcited by 0
  17. 2026Coherence-Aware Distributional Evaluation of Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 0