Deep Automatic Natural Image Matting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Automatic image matting (AIM) refers to estimating the soft foreground from an arbitrary natural image without any auxiliary input like trimap, which is useful for image editing. Prior methods try to learn semantic features to aid the matting process while being limited to images with salient opaque foregrounds such as humans and animals. In this paper, we investigate the difficulties when extending them to natural images with salient transparent/meticulous foregrounds or non-salient foregrounds. To address the problem, a novel end-to-end matting network is proposed, which can predict a generalized trimap for any image of the above types as a unified semantic representation. Simultaneously, the learned semantic features guide the matting network to focus on the transition areas via an attention mechanism. We also construct a test set AIM-500 that contains 500 diverse natural images covering all types along with manually labeled alpha mattes, making it feasible to benchmark the generalization ability of AIM models. Results of the experiments demonstrate that our network trained on available composite matting datasets outperforms existing methods both objectively and subjectively. The source code and dataset are available at https://github.com/JizhiziLi/AIM.
Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2021.
Builds on
16 of 35 references.
References · 16
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2017Squeeze-and-Excitation Networkscited by 4,763
- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
- 2020U2-Net: Going Deeper with Nested U-Structure for Salient Object Detectioncited by 410
- 2017Deep Image Mattingcited by 150
- 2020Empowering Things with Intelligence: A Survey of the Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Artificial Intelligence of Thingscited by 110
- 2020Background Matting: The World is Your Green Screencited by 104
- 2019Indices Matter: Learning to Index for Deep Image Mattingcited by 93
- 2019Context-Aware Image Matting for Simultaneous Foreground and Alpha Estimationcited by 79
- 2020Natural Image Matting via Guided Contextual Attentioncited by 78
4 more
- 2018Semantic Human Mattingcited by 67
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Portrait Mattingcited by 60
- 2021Semantic Image Mattingcited by 55
- 2019Disentangled Image Mattingcited by 47
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 11; 2023: 8; 2024: 16; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.
59 papers.
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- 2023ViTMatte: Boosting Image Matting with Pretrained Plain Vision Transformerscited by 56
- 2023Matte Anything: Interactive Natural Image Matting with Segment Anything Modelscited by 39
- 2024MULAN: A Multi Layer Annotated Dataset for Controllable Text-to-Image Generationcited by 38
- 2025DICEPTION: A Generalist Diffusion Model for Visual Perceptual Taskscited by 37
- 2022Revisiting Image Pyramid Structure for High Resolution Salient Object Detectioncited by 36
- 2023Matting Anythingcited by 30
- 2025Qwen-Image-Layered: Towards Inherent Editability via Layer Decompositioncited by 29
- 2022Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preservingcited by 25
- 2025MatAnyone: Stable Video Matting with Consistent Memory Propagationcited by 24
- 2022PP-Matting: High-Accuracy Natural Image Mattingcited by 23
- 2022Boosting Robustness of Image Matting with Context Assembling and Strong Data Augmentationcited by 22
- 2022Referring Image Mattingcited by 22
38 more
- 2022VMFormer: End-to-End Video Matting with Transformercited by 20
- 2024MaGGIe: Masked Guided Gradual Human Instance Mattingcited by 18
- 2022TransMatting: Enhancing Transparent Objects Matting with Transformerscited by 15
- 2024ZIM: Zero-Shot Image Matting for Anythingcited by 15
- 2024DiffuMatting: Synthesizing Arbitrary Objects with Matting-level Annotationcited by 13
- 2024Generating Compositional Scenes via Text-to-image RGBA Instance Generationcited by 13
- 2023Deep Image Matting: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
- 2025MatAnyone 2: Scaling Video Matting via a Learned Quality Evaluatorcited by 7
- 2022Exposure Correction Model to Enhance Image Qualitycited by 6
- 2025Video Generation with Stable Transparency via Shiftable RGB-A Distribution Learnercited by 6
- 2023Revisiting Context Aggregation for Image Mattingcited by 5
- 2024WheelPose: Data Synthesis Techniques to Improve Pose Estimation Performance on Wheelchair Userscited by 5
- 2023Lightweight Portrait Matting via Regional Attention and Refinementcited by 4
- 2023Progressive Feedback-Enhanced Transformer for Image Forgery Localizationcited by 4
- 2024Boosting General Trimap-free Matting in the Real-World Imagecited by 4
- 2024Training Matting Models without Alpha Labelscited by 4
- 2025SDMatte: Grafting Diffusion Models for Interactive Mattingcited by 4
- 2025Edit2Perceive: Image Editing Diffusion Models Are Strong Dense Perceiverscited by 4
- 2024In-Context Mattingcited by 3
- 2024Learning Trimaps via Clicks for Image Mattingcited by 3
- 2024Towards Label-Efficient Human Matting: A Simple Baseline for Weakly Semi-Supervised Trimap-Free Human Mattingcited by 3
- 2024Towards Natural Image Matting in the Wild via Real-Scenario Priorcited by 3
- 2026VideoMaMa: Mask-Guided Video Matting via Generative Priorcited by 3
- 2026CineMatte: Background Matting for Virtual Production and Beyondcited by 3
- 2022Exploring the Interactive Guidance for Unified and Effective Image Mattingcited by 2
- 2022Privileged Prior Information Distillation for Image Mattingcited by 2
- 2022Infusing Definiteness into Randomness: Rethinking Composition Styles for Deep Image Mattingcited by 2
- 2024TETRIS: Towards Exploring the Robustness of Interactive Segmentationcited by 2
- 2024DFIMat: Decoupled Flexible Interactive Matting in Multi-Person Scenarioscited by 2
- 2025VRMDiff: Text-Guided Video Referring Matting Generation of Diffusioncited by 2
- 2025MaSS13K: A Matting-level Semantic Segmentation Benchmarkcited by 2
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Viewscited by 2
- 2023TransMatting: Tri-token Equipped Transformer Model for Image Mattingcited by 1
- 2025Efficient Portrait Matte Creation With Layer Diffusion and Connectivity Priorscited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Image Matting in Real-World Scenes with Mask-Guided Iterative Refinementcited by 1
- 2025MP-Mat: A 3D-and-Instance-Aware Human Matting and Editing Framework with Multiplane Representationcited by 1
- 2024Learning Multiple Representations with Inconsistency-Guided Detail Regularization for Mask-Guided Mattingcited by 0
- 2024Memory Efficient Matting with Adaptive Token Routingcited by 0
50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026RenderMatte: Exact-Alpha Rendering and Group-Relative Alignment for Image Matting9 Aug 2026
- 2026Self-supervised Automatic Matting11 Jul 2026
- 2026SAM2Matting: Generalized Image and Video Matting25 Jun 2026
- 2026αDepth: Learning Single-Pass Soft Boundary Decomposition for Stereo Conversion29 May 2026
- 2026CineMatte: Background Matting for Virtual Production and Beyond18 May 2026
- 2026SceneForge: Structured World Supervision from 3D Interventions14 May 2026
- 2026Towards Photorealistic and Efficient Bokeh Rendering via Diffusion Framework8 May 2026
- 2026VideoMaMa: Mask-Guided Video Matting via Generative Prior20 Jan 2026
- 2026Segment and Matte Anything in a Unified Model17 Jan 2026
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Views6 Jan 2026
- 2025Qwen-Image-Layered: Towards Inherent Editability via Layer Decomposition17 Dec 2025
- 2025MatAnyone 2: Scaling Video Matting via a Learned Quality Evaluator12 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Edit2Perceive: Image Editing Diffusion Models Are Strong Dense Perceivers24 Nov 2025
- 2025Video Generation with Stable Transparency via Shiftable RGB-A Distribution Learner29 Sep 2025
- 2025Uncertainty-Guided Face Matting for Occlusion-Aware Face Transformation5 Aug 2025
- 2025SDMatte: Grafting Diffusion Models for Interactive Matting1 Aug 2025
- 2025MP-Mat: A 3D-and-Instance-Aware Human Matting and Editing Framework with Multiplane Representation20 Apr 2025
- 2025MaSS13K: A Matting-level Semantic Segmentation Benchmark24 Mar 2025
- 2025VRMDiff: Text-Guided Video Referring Matting Generation of Diffusion11 Mar 2025
- 2025Path-Adaptive Matting for Efficient Inference Under Various Computational Cost Constraints5 Mar 2025
- 2025DICEPTION: A Generalist Diffusion Model for Visual Perceptual Tasks24 Feb 2025
- 2025Enhancing Image Matting in Real-World Scenes with Mask-Guided Iterative Refinement24 Feb 2025
- 2025Efficient Portrait Matte Creation With Layer Diffusion and Connectivity Priors27 Jan 2025
- 2025MatAnyone: Stable Video Matting with Consistent Memory Propagation24 Jan 2025
- 2024Memory Efficient Matting with Adaptive Token Routing14 Dec 2024
- 2024Generating Compositional Scenes via Text-to-image RGBA Instance Generation16 Nov 2024
- 2024ZIM: Zero-Shot Image Matting for Anything1 Nov 2024
- 2024DFIMat: Decoupled Flexible Interactive Matting in Multi-Person Scenarios13 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Natural Image Matting in the Wild via Real-Scenario Prior9 Oct 2024
- 2024Training Matting Models without Alpha Labels20 Aug 2024
- 2024Boosting General Trimap-free Matting in the Real-World Image28 May 2024
- 2024WheelPose: Data Synthesis Techniques to Improve Pose Estimation Performance on Wheelchair Users25 Apr 2024
- 2024MaGGIe: Masked Guided Gradual Human Instance Matting24 Apr 2024
- 2024MULAN: A Multi Layer Annotated Dataset for Controllable Text-to-Image Generation3 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Label-Efficient Human Matting: A Simple Baseline for Weakly Semi-Supervised Trimap-Free Human Matting1 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning Trimaps via Clicks for Image Matting30 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Multiple Representations with Inconsistency-Guided Detail Regularization for Mask-Guided Matting28 Mar 2024
- 2024In-Context Matting23 Mar 2024
- 2024DiffuMatting: Synthesizing Arbitrary Objects with Matting-level Annotation10 Mar 2024
- 2024TETRIS: Towards Exploring the Robustness of Interactive Segmentation9 Feb 2024
- 2023Progressive Feedback-Enhanced Transformer for Image Forgery Localization15 Nov 2023
- 2023Lightweight Portrait Matting via Regional Attention and Refinement7 Nov 2023
- 2023Matting Anything8 Jun 2023
- 2023Matte Anything: Interactive Natural Image Matting with Segment Anything Models7 Jun 2023
- 2023ViTMatte: Boosting Image Matting with Pretrained Plain Vision Transformers24 May 2023
- 2023Deep Image Matting: A Comprehensive Survey10 Apr 2023
- 2023Revisiting Context Aggregation for Image Matting3 Apr 2023
- 2023TransMatting: Tri-token Equipped Transformer Model for Image Matting11 Mar 2023
- 2022Infusing Definiteness into Randomness: Rethinking Composition Styles for Deep Image Matting27 Dec 2022
- 2022Privileged Prior Information Distillation for Image Matting25 Nov 2022
50 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2025DICEPTION: A Generalist Diffusion Model for Visual Perceptual Taskscited by 37
- 2024Generating Compositional Scenes via Text-to-image RGBA Instance Generationcited by 13
- 2025SDMatte: Grafting Diffusion Models for Interactive Mattingcited by 4
- 2025Edit2Perceive: Image Editing Diffusion Models Are Strong Dense Perceiverscited by 4
- 2025Edit2Perceive: Image Editing Diffusion Models Are Strong Dense Perceivers24 Nov 2025
- 2025SDMatte: Grafting Diffusion Models for Interactive Matting1 Aug 2025
- 2025DICEPTION: A Generalist Diffusion Model for Visual Perceptual Tasks24 Feb 2025
- 2024Generating Compositional Scenes via Text-to-image RGBA Instance Generation16 Nov 2024
- 2023ViTMatte: Boosting Image Matting with Pretrained Plain Vision Transformerscited by 56
- 2023Matte Anything: Interactive Natural Image Matting with Segment Anything Modelscited by 39
- 2024MULAN: A Multi Layer Annotated Dataset for Controllable Text-to-Image Generationcited by 38
- 2022Revisiting Image Pyramid Structure for High Resolution Salient Object Detectioncited by 36
- 2023Matting Anythingcited by 30
- 2025Qwen-Image-Layered: Towards Inherent Editability via Layer Decompositioncited by 29
- 2022Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preservingcited by 25
- 2025MatAnyone: Stable Video Matting with Consistent Memory Propagationcited by 24
- 2022PP-Matting: High-Accuracy Natural Image Mattingcited by 23
- 2022Boosting Robustness of Image Matting with Context Assembling and Strong Data Augmentationcited by 22
- 2022Referring Image Mattingcited by 22
- 2022VMFormer: End-to-End Video Matting with Transformercited by 20
12 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
- 2026RenderMatte: Exact-Alpha Rendering and Group-Relative Alignment for Image Matting9 Aug 2026
- 2026Self-supervised Automatic Matting11 Jul 2026
- 2026SAM2Matting: Generalized Image and Video Matting25 Jun 2026
- 2026αDepth: Learning Single-Pass Soft Boundary Decomposition for Stereo Conversion29 May 2026
- 2026CineMatte: Background Matting for Virtual Production and Beyond18 May 2026
- 2026SceneForge: Structured World Supervision from 3D Interventions14 May 2026
- 2026Towards Photorealistic and Efficient Bokeh Rendering via Diffusion Framework8 May 2026
- 2026VideoMaMa: Mask-Guided Video Matting via Generative Prior20 Jan 2026
- 2026Segment and Matte Anything in a Unified Model17 Jan 2026
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Views6 Jan 2026
- 2025Qwen-Image-Layered: Towards Inherent Editability via Layer Decomposition17 Dec 2025
- 2025MatAnyone 2: Scaling Video Matting via a Learned Quality Evaluator12 Dec 2025
12 newest of 55 All 55 (JSON)