mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Semantic Image Matting

arXiv 2104.08201 ↗First posted 16 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 55

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Abstract (arXiv)

Natural image matting separates the foreground from background in fractional occupancy which can be caused by highly transparent objects, complex foreground (e.g., net or tree), and/or objects containing very fine details (e.g., hairs). Although conventional matting formulation can be applied to all of the above cases, no previous work has attempted to reason the underlying causes of matting due to various foreground semantics. We show how to obtain better alpha mattes by incorporating into our framework semantic classification of matting regions. Specifically, we consider and learn 20 classes of matting patterns, and propose to extend the conventional trimap to semantic trimap. The proposed semantic trimap can be obtained automatically through patch structure analysis within trimap regions. Meanwhile, we learn a multi-class discriminator to regularize the alpha prediction at semantic level, and content-sensitive weights to balance different regularization losses. Experiments on multiple benchmarks show that our method outperforms other methods and has achieved the most competitive state-of-the-art performance. Finally, we contribute a large-scale Semantic Image Matting Dataset with careful consideration of data balancing across different semantic classes.

Key facts. Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2021.

Builds on

20 of 47 references.

References · 20

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  5. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,430
  6. 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,154
  7. 2017Deep Image Mattingcited by 150
  8. 2018The Contextual Loss for Image Transformation with Non-Aligned Datacited by 135
  9. 2020Background Matting: The World is Your Green Screencited by 104
  10. 2018Single Image Reflection Separation with Perceptual Lossescited by 98
  11. 2019Indices Matter: Learning to Index for Deep Image Mattingcited by 93
  12. 2019Context-Aware Image Matting for Simultaneous Foreground and Alpha Estimationcited by 79
8 more
  1. 2020Natural Image Matting via Guided Contextual Attentioncited by 78
  2. 2018Semantic Human Mattingcited by 67
  3. 2017Information-Flow Mattingcited by 59
  4. 2018AlphaGAN: Generative adversarial networks for natural image mattingcited by 50
  5. 2020Boosting Semantic Human Matting with Coarse Annotationscited by 48
  6. 2019Disentangled Image Mattingcited by 47
  7. 2018TOM-Net: Learning Transparent Object Matting from a Single Imagecited by 34
  8. 2017Fast Deep Matting for Portrait Animation on Mobile Phonecited by 30

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 14; 2023: 17; 2024: 11; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.

55 papers.

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  1. 2022Deep Spectral Methods: A Surprisingly Strong Baseline for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation and Localizationcited by 150
  2. 2021Deep Automatic Natural Image Mattingcited by 59
  3. 2023ViTMatte: Boosting Image Matting with Pretrained Plain Vision Transformerscited by 56
  4. 2022MatteFormer: Transformer-Based Image Matting via Prior-Tokenscited by 48
  5. 2023Text2Layer: Layered Image Generation using Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 35
  6. 2022A Unified Query-based Paradigm for Point Cloud Understandingcited by 32
  7. 2023Matting Anythingcited by 30
  8. 2023LD-ZNet: A Latent Diffusion Approach for Text-Based Image Segmentationcited by 29
  9. 2022Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preservingcited by 25
  10. 2022Human Instance Matting via Mutual Guidance and Multi-Instance Refinementcited by 25
  11. 2023Mobile Foundation Model as Firmwarecited by 25
  12. 2022PP-Matting: High-Accuracy Natural Image Mattingcited by 23
38 more
  1. 2022Boosting Robustness of Image Matting with Context Assembling and Strong Data Augmentationcited by 22
  2. 2022Referring Image Mattingcited by 22
  3. 2024Alfie: Democratising RGBA Image Generation With No cited by 20
  4. 2024MaGGIe: Masked Guided Gradual Human Instance Mattingcited by 18
  5. 2022TransMatting: Enhancing Transparent Objects Matting with Transformerscited by 15
  6. 2024ZIM: Zero-Shot Image Matting for Anythingcited by 15
  7. 2021VaxNeRF: Revisiting the Classic for Voxel-Accelerated Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 14
  8. 2024Matting by Generationcited by 13
  9. 2023Deep Image Matting: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
  10. 2023Diffusion for Natural Image Mattingcited by 11
  11. 2023Adaptive Human Matting for Dynamic Videoscited by 7
  12. 2025AlphaVAE: Unified End-to-End RGBA Image Reconstruction and Generation with Alpha-Aware Representation Learningcited by 7
  13. 2023Blind Image Super-resolution with Rich Texture-Aware Codebookscited by 6
  14. 2025Video Generation with Stable Transparency via Shiftable RGB-A Distribution Learnercited by 6
  15. 2023Revisiting Context Aggregation for Image Mattingcited by 5
  16. 2025Trans-Adapter: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Transparent Image Inpaintingcited by 5
  17. 2022Hierarchical and Progressive Image Mattingcited by 4
  18. 2023dugMatting: Decomposed-Uncertainty-Guided Mattingcited by 4
  19. 2023Progressive Feedback-Enhanced Transformer for Image Forgery Localizationcited by 4
  20. 2024Boosting General Trimap-free Matting in the Real-World Imagecited by 4
  21. 2021Alpha Matte Generation from Single Input for Portrait Mattingcited by 3
  22. 2022Situational Perception Guided Image Mattingcited by 3
  23. 2024Learning Trimaps via Clicks for Image Mattingcited by 3
  24. 2024Towards Label-Efficient Human Matting: A Simple Baseline for Weakly Semi-Supervised Trimap-Free Human Mattingcited by 3
  25. 2024Towards Natural Image Matting in the Wild via Real-Scenario Priorcited by 3
  26. 2021Trimap-guided Feature Mining and Fusion Network for Natural Image Mattingcited by 2
  27. 2021Improving Deep Image Matting via Local Smoothness Assumptioncited by 2
  28. 2023Disentangled Pre-training for Image Mattingcited by 2
  29. 2023DiffusionMat: Alpha Matting as Sequential Refinement Learningcited by 2
  30. 2022Adaptive Background Matting Using Background Matchingcited by 1
  31. 2023TransMatting: Tri-token Equipped Transformer Model for Image Mattingcited by 1
  32. 2023Color-aware Deep Temporal Backdrop Duplex Matting Systemcited by 1
  33. 2025Enhancing Image Matting in Real-World Scenes with Mask-Guided Iterative Refinementcited by 1
  34. 2025MP-Mat: A 3D-and-Instance-Aware Human Matting and Editing Framework with Multiplane Representationcited by 1
  35. 2022Wider and Higher: Intensive Integration and Global Foreground Perception for Image Mattingcited by 0
  36. 2022Lightweight Alpha Matting Network Using Distillation-Based Channel Pruningcited by 0
  37. 2023Training-Free Neural Matte Extraction for Visual Effectscited by 0
  38. 2024Dual-Context Aggregation for Universal Image Mattingcited by 0

50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)