SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Text
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large amounts of labeled data are urgently required for the training of robust text recognizers. However, collecting handwriting data of diverse styles, along with an immense lexicon, is considerably expensive. Although data synthesis is a promising way to relieve data hunger, two key issues of handwriting synthesis, namely, style representation and content embedding, remain unsolved. To this end, we propose a novel method that can synthesize parameterized and controllable handwriting Styles for arbitrary-Length and Out-of-vocabulary text based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), termed SLOGAN. Specifically, we propose a style bank to parameterize the specific handwriting styles as latent vectors, which are input to a generator as style priors to achieve the corresponding handwritten styles. The training of the style bank requires only the writer identification of the source images, rather than attribute annotations. Moreover, we embed the text content by providing an easily obtainable printed style image, so that the diversity of the content can be flexibly achieved by changing the input printed image. Finally, the generator is guided by dual discriminators to handle both the handwriting characteristics that appear as separated characters and in a series of cursive joins. Our method can synthesize words that are not included in the training vocabulary and with various new styles. Extensive experiments have shown that high-quality text images with great style diversity and rich vocabulary can be synthesized using our method, thereby enhancing the robustness of the recognizer.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2022.
Builds on
34 of 67 references.
References · 34
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- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
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- 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,152
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- 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
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- 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 612
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 57
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilitiescited by 8
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 7
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- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
- 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generationcited by 2
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniquescited by 2
- 2023Few-shot Image Generation via Style Adaptation and Content Preservationcited by 1
- 2025SceneVTG++: Controllable Multilingual Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 1
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generatorcited by 1
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2022SGCE-Font: Skeleton Guided Channel Expansion for Chinese Font Generationcited by 0
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 0
- 2026BoundInk: Boundary-Aware Online Handwriting Generationcited by 0
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generation18 Jun 2026
- 2026BoundInk: Boundary-Aware Online Handwriting Generation2 Apr 2026
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networks25 Dec 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generator28 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation5 Aug 2025
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilities20 Jul 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive21 Mar 2025
- 2025SceneVTG++: Controllable Multilingual Visual Text Generation in the Wild6 Jan 2025
14 more
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generation6 Sep 2024
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognition4 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wild19 Jul 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2023Few-shot Image Generation via Style Adaptation and Content Preservation30 Nov 2023
- 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generation29 Nov 2023
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generation31 Oct 2023
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognition25 Jul 2023
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Models19 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model31 May 2023
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypes27 Mar 2023
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generation26 Mar 2023
- 2022SGCE-Font: Skeleton Guided Channel Expansion for Chinese Font Generation26 Nov 2022
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 57
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
- 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generation18 Jun 2026
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Models19 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model31 May 2023
- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilitiescited by 8
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 7
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
- 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generationcited by 2
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026BoundInk: Boundary-Aware Online Handwriting Generation2 Apr 2026
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networks25 Dec 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generator28 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation5 Aug 2025
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilities20 Jul 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive21 Mar 2025
- 2025SceneVTG++: Controllable Multilingual Visual Text Generation in the Wild6 Jan 2025
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generation6 Sep 2024
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognition4 Sep 2024
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)