mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Text

arXiv 2202.11456 ↗First posted 23 Feb 2022cs.CVcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large amounts of labeled data are urgently required for the training of robust text recognizers. However, collecting handwriting data of diverse styles, along with an immense lexicon, is considerably expensive. Although data synthesis is a promising way to relieve data hunger, two key issues of handwriting synthesis, namely, style representation and content embedding, remain unsolved. To this end, we propose a novel method that can synthesize parameterized and controllable handwriting Styles for arbitrary-Length and Out-of-vocabulary text based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), termed SLOGAN. Specifically, we propose a style bank to parameterize the specific handwriting styles as latent vectors, which are input to a generator as style priors to achieve the corresponding handwritten styles. The training of the style bank requires only the writer identification of the source images, rather than attribute annotations. Moreover, we embed the text content by providing an easily obtainable printed style image, so that the diversity of the content can be flexibly achieved by changing the input printed image. Finally, the generator is guided by dual discriminators to handle both the handwriting characteristics that appear as separated characters and in a series of cursive joins. Our method can synthesize words that are not included in the training vocabulary and with various new styles. Extensive experiments have shown that high-quality text images with great style diversity and rich vocabulary can be synthesized using our method, thereby enhancing the robustness of the recognizer.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2022.

Builds on

34 of 67 references.

References · 34

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
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  3. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
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  7. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  8. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  9. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  10. 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,152
  11. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
  12. 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
22 more
  1. 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 672
  2. 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 612
  3. 2013Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 549
  4. 2016Synthetic Data for Text Localisation in Natural Imagescited by 396
  5. 2019Image2StyleGAN++: How to Edit the Embedded Images?cited by 356
  6. 2020Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in the GAN Latent Spacecited by 288
  7. 2019Few-Shot Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 222
  8. 2014Reading Text in the Wild with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 122
  9. 2020ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generationcited by 69
  10. 2020GANwriting: Content-Conditioned Generation of Styled Handwritten Word Imagescited by 68
  11. 2018Geometry Score: A Method For Comparing Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 56
  12. 2019Controllable Artistic Text Style Transfer via Shape-Matching GANcited by 45
  13. 2019Adversarial Generation of Handwritten Text Images Conditioned on Sequencescited by 37
  14. 2020Learn to Augment: Joint Data Augmentation and Network Optimization for Text Recognitioncited by 36
  15. 2018Handwriting Recognition in Low-resource Scripts using Adversarial Learningcited by 32
  16. 2016Drawing and Recognizing Chinese Characters with Recurrent Neural Networkcited by 26
  17. 2020Generating Handwriting via Decoupled Style Descriptorscited by 23
  18. 2020Separating Content from Style Using Adversarial Learning for Recognizing Text in the Wildcited by 14
  19. 2019Unsupervised Adaptation for Synthetic-to-Real Handwritten Word Recognitioncited by 11
  20. 2019SynSig2Vec: Learning Representations from Synthetic Dynamic Signatures for Real-world Verificationcited by 9
  21. 2019TE141K: Artistic Text Benchmark for Text Effect Transfercited by 8
  22. 2016Stroke Sequence-Dependent Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Online Handwritten Chinese Character Recognitioncited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

26 papers.

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  1. 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 57
  2. 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
  3. 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
  4. 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
  5. 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
  6. 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
  7. 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
  8. 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
  9. 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
  10. 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
  11. 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilitiescited by 8
  12. 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 7
14 more
  1. 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
  2. 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
  3. 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
  4. 2023DSS: Synthesizing long Digital Ink using Data augmentation, Style encoding and Split generationcited by 2
  5. 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniquescited by 2
  6. 2023Few-shot Image Generation via Style Adaptation and Content Preservationcited by 1
  7. 2025SceneVTG++: Controllable Multilingual Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 1
  8. 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generatorcited by 1
  9. 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
  10. 2022SGCE-Font: Skeleton Guided Channel Expansion for Chinese Font Generationcited by 0
  11. 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 0
  12. 2026BoundInk: Boundary-Aware Online Handwriting Generationcited by 0
  13. 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
  14. 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0