RIDE: Rewarding Impact-Driven Exploration for Procedurally-Generated Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
Exploration in sparse reward environments remains one of the key challenges of model-free reinforcement learning. Instead of solely relying on extrinsic rewards provided by the environment, many state-of-the-art methods use intrinsic rewards to encourage exploration. However, we show that existing methods fall short in procedurally-generated environments where an agent is unlikely to visit a state more than once. We propose a novel type of intrinsic reward which encourages the agent to take actions that lead to significant changes in its learned state representation. We evaluate our method on multiple challenging procedurally-generated tasks in MiniGrid, as well as on tasks with high-dimensional observations used in prior work. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach is more sample efficient than existing exploration methods, particularly for procedurally-generated MiniGrid environments. Furthermore, we analyze the learned behavior as well as the intrinsic reward received by our agent. In contrast to previous approaches, our intrinsic reward does not diminish during the course of training and it rewards the agent substantially more for interacting with objects that it can control.
Key facts. Cited by 135 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 33; 2023: 28; 2024: 17; 2025: 23; 2026: 13.
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- 2025Reasoning with Exploration: An Entropy Perspectivecited by 277
- 2022CoWs on Pasture: Baselines and Benchmarks for Language-Driven Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 194
- 2022Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 158
- 2022The Unsurprising Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Vision Models for Controlcited by 155
- 2023Human-Timescale Adaptation in an Open-Ended Task Spacecited by 136
- 2023Motif: Intrinsic Motivation from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 99
- 2021MiniHack the Planet: A Sandbox for Open-Ended Reinforcement Learning Researchcited by 96
- 2021Decoupling Value and Policy for Generalization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 81
- 2024Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligencecited by 79
- 2022Unpacking Reward Shaping: Understanding the Benefits of Reward Engineering on Sample Complexitycited by 59
- 2023Hyperparameters in Reinforcement Learning and How To Tune Themcited by 58
- 2022Exploration via Elliptical Episodic Bonusescited by 51
38 more
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- 2021Adversarially Guided Actor-Criticcited by 47
- 2021ELLA: Exploration through Learned Language Abstractioncited by 42
- 2021SECANT: Self-Expert Cloning for Zero-Shot Generalization of Visual Policiescited by 42
- 2021MADE: Exploration via Maximizing Deviation from Explored Regionscited by 40
- 2022History Compression via Language Models in Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
- 2021Interesting Object, Curious Agent: Learning Task-Agnostic Explorationcited by 38
- 2021Learning more skills through optimistic explorationcited by 37
- 2025LLMs are Greedy Agents: Effects of RL Fine-tuning on Decision-Making Abilitiescited by 36
- 2023On the Importance of Exploration for Generalization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 30
- 2021Rank the Episodes: A Simple Approach for Exploration in Procedurally-Generated Environmentscited by 28
- 2023Flipping Coins to Estimate Pseudocounts for Exploration in Reinforcement Learningcited by 28
- 2021How to Stay Curious while Avoiding Noisy TVs using Aleatoric Uncertainty Estimationcited by 27
- 2021Decoupled Reinforcement Learning to Stabilise Intrinsically-Motivated Explorationcited by 25
- 2022An information-theoretic perspective on intrinsic motivation in reinforcement learning: a surveycited by 25
- 2023The SocialAI School: Insights from Developmental Psychology Towards Artificial Socio-Cultural Agentscited by 24
- 2022EAGER: Asking and Answering Questions for Automatic Reward Shaping in Language-guided RLcited by 23
- 2021Curiosity-Driven Exploration via Latent Bayesian Surprisecited by 22
- 2024Highly Efficient Self-Adaptive Reward Shaping for Reinforcement Learningcited by 21
- 2022General Intelligence Requires Rethinking Explorationcited by 20
- 2023A Study of Global and Episodic Bonuses for Exploration in Contextual MDPscited by 19
- 2022R'enyi State Entropy for Exploration Acceleration in Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2021Computational Benefits of Intermediate Rewards for Goal-Reaching Policy Learningcited by 17
- 2023Curious Replay for Model-based Adaptationcited by 16
- 2025Episodic Novelty Through Temporal Distancecited by 15
- 2025LAMARL: LLM-Aided Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Policy Generationcited by 13
- 2022Learning General World Models in a Handful of Reward-Free Deploymentscited by 12
- 2024Potential-Based Reward Shaping For Intrinsic Motivationcited by 12
- 2022LECO: Learnable Episodic Count for Task-Specific Intrinsic Rewardcited by 11
- 2023Automatic Intrinsic Reward Shaping for Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2022Discrete Factorial Representations as an Abstraction for Goal Conditioned Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2022Exploring through Random Curiosity with General Value Functionscited by 10
- 2023Value function estimation using conditional diffusion models for controlcited by 10
- 2024RLeXplore: Accelerating Research in Intrinsically-Motivated Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2024Online Intrinsic Rewards for Decision Making Agents from Large Language Model Feedbackcited by 10
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2021Programmatic Reward Design by Examplecited by 9
- 2022A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Symbolic Reward Machinescited by 9
50 most cited of 135 All 135 (JSON)
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- 2026Explore Beyond the Boundary Using Entropic Information31 Jul 2026
- 2026Progress-conditioned Group Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon Agentic Tasks22 Jul 2026
- 2026Principled Direction-Free Intrinsic Motivation through Model-Free Epistemic Free-Energy Estimators18 Jul 2026
- 2026PAEC: Position-Aware Entropy Calibration for LLM Reasoning in RLVR7 Jun 2026
- 2026An Information-Theoretic Definition for Open-Ended Learning6 Jun 2026
- 2026Right Makes Might: Aligning Verified Hidden States Empowers RL Reasoning2 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning to Search and Searching to Learn for Generalization in Planning25 May 2026
- 2026Remember to be Curious: Episodic Context and Persistent Worlds for 3D Exploration21 May 2026
- 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gain20 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Model Optimization: Preserving Plasticity in Continual Reinforcement Learning16 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Adaptive Correlation-Weighted Intrinsic Rewards for Reinforcement Learning27 Feb 2026
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- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learning13 Oct 2025
- 2025Analytical Survey of Learning with Low-Resource Data: From Analysis to Investigation10 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Noisy-TVs: Noise-Robust Exploration Via Learning Progress Monitoring29 Sep 2025
- 2025SPA++: Generalized Graph Spectral Alignment for Versatile Domain Adaptation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Minding Motivation: The Effect of Intrinsic Motivation on Agent Behaviors26 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Task Belief Similarity with Latent Dynamics for Meta-Reinforcement Learning24 Jun 2025
- 2025Reasoning with Exploration: An Entropy Perspective17 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploration by Random Reward Perturbation10 Jun 2025
- 2025LAMARL: LLM-Aided Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Policy Generation2 Jun 2025
- 2025ManiTaskGen: A Comprehensive Task Generator for Benchmarking and Improving Vision-Language Agents on Embodied Decision-Making27 May 2025
- 2025Enter the Void - Planning to Seek Entropy When Reward is Scarce22 May 2025
- 2025Automatic Reward Shaping from Confounded Offline Data16 May 2025
- 2025LLMs are Greedy Agents: Effects of RL Fine-tuning on Decision-Making Abilities22 Apr 2025
- 2025World Model Agents with Change-Based Intrinsic Motivation26 Mar 2025
- 2025CAE: Repurposing the Critic as an Explorer in Deep Reinforcement Learning23 Mar 2025
- 2025KEA: Keeping Exploration Alive by Proactively Coordinating Exploration Strategies23 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhance Exploration in Safe Reinforcement Learning with Contrastive Representation Learning13 Mar 2025
- 2025InDRiVE: Intrinsic Disagreement based Reinforcement for Vehicle Exploration through Curiosity Driven Generalized World Model7 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards a Formal Theory of the Need for Competence via Computational Intrinsic Motivation11 Feb 2025
- 2025Episodic Novelty Through Temporal Distance26 Jan 2025
- 2025The impact of intrinsic rewards on exploration in Reinforcement Learning20 Jan 2025
- 2024Online Intrinsic Rewards for Decision Making Agents from Large Language Model Feedback30 Oct 2024
- 2024Potential-Based Intrinsic Motivation: Preserving Optimality With Complex, Non-Markovian Shaping Rewards16 Oct 2024
- 2024Fostering Intrinsic Motivation in Reinforcement Learning with Pretrained Foundation Models9 Oct 2024
- 2024Training on Irrelevant States Implies Data Augmentation: Generalization in Contextual MDPs4 Oct 2024
- 2024Efficient Exploration and Discriminative World Model Learning with an Object-Centric Abstraction21 Aug 2024
- 2024Highly Efficient Self-Adaptive Reward Shaping for Reinforcement Learning6 Aug 2024
- 2024Beyond Optimism: Exploration With Partially Observable Rewards20 Jun 2024
- 2024Explore-Go: Leveraging Exploration for Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learning12 Jun 2024
- 2024Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligence6 Jun 2024
- 2024RLeXplore: Accelerating Research in Intrinsically-Motivated Reinforcement Learning29 May 2024
- 2024Is Exploration All You Need? Effective Exploration Characteristics for Transfer in Reinforcement Learning2 Apr 2024
- 2024Potential-Based Reward Shaping For Intrinsic Motivation12 Feb 2024
- 2024Monitored Markov Decision Processes9 Feb 2024
- 2024Joint Intrinsic Motivation for Coordinated Exploration in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning6 Feb 2024
50 newest of 135 All 135 (JSON)
- 2025LLMs are Greedy Agents: Effects of RL Fine-tuning on Decision-Making Abilitiescited by 36
- 2023The SocialAI School: Insights from Developmental Psychology Towards Artificial Socio-Cultural Agentscited by 24
- 2025LAMARL: LLM-Aided Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Policy Generationcited by 13
- 2024Online Intrinsic Rewards for Decision Making Agents from Large Language Model Feedbackcited by 10
- 2026Progress-conditioned Group Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon Agentic Taskscited by 6
- 2025ManiTaskGen: A Comprehensive Task Generator for Benchmarking and Improving Vision-Language Agents on Embodied Decision-Makingcited by 4
- 2026Progress-conditioned Group Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon Agentic Tasks22 Jul 2026
- 2025LAMARL: LLM-Aided Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Policy Generation2 Jun 2025
- 2025ManiTaskGen: A Comprehensive Task Generator for Benchmarking and Improving Vision-Language Agents on Embodied Decision-Making27 May 2025
- 2025LLMs are Greedy Agents: Effects of RL Fine-tuning on Decision-Making Abilities22 Apr 2025
- 2024Online Intrinsic Rewards for Decision Making Agents from Large Language Model Feedback30 Oct 2024
- 2023The SocialAI School: Insights from Developmental Psychology Towards Artificial Socio-Cultural Agents15 Jul 2023
- 2022Learning General World Models in a Handful of Reward-Free Deploymentscited by 12
- 2023Go Beyond Imagination: Maximizing Episodic Reachability with World Modelscited by 3
- 2024Efficient Exploration and Discriminative World Model Learning with an Object-Centric Abstractioncited by 2
- 2025InDRiVE: Intrinsic Disagreement based Reinforcement for Vehicle Exploration through Curiosity Driven Generalized World Modelcited by 2
- 2025World Model Agents with Change-Based Intrinsic Motivationcited by 1
- 2025Enter the Void - Planning to Seek Entropy When Reward is Scarcecited by 0
- 2025Enter the Void - Planning to Seek Entropy When Reward is Scarce22 May 2025
- 2025World Model Agents with Change-Based Intrinsic Motivation26 Mar 2025
- 2025InDRiVE: Intrinsic Disagreement based Reinforcement for Vehicle Exploration through Curiosity Driven Generalized World Model7 Mar 2025
- 2024Efficient Exploration and Discriminative World Model Learning with an Object-Centric Abstraction21 Aug 2024
- 2023Go Beyond Imagination: Maximizing Episodic Reachability with World Models25 Aug 2023
- 2022Learning General World Models in a Handful of Reward-Free Deployments23 Oct 2022
- 2025Reasoning with Exploration: An Entropy Perspectivecited by 277
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2026PAEC: Position-Aware Entropy Calibration for LLM Reasoning in RLVRcited by 2
- 2026Right Makes Might: Aligning Verified Hidden States Empowers RL Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026PAEC: Position-Aware Entropy Calibration for LLM Reasoning in RLVR7 Jun 2026
- 2026Right Makes Might: Aligning Verified Hidden States Empowers RL Reasoning2 Jun 2026
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learning13 Oct 2025
- 2025Reasoning with Exploration: An Entropy Perspective17 Jun 2025
- 2022A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Symbolic Reward Machinescited by 9
- 2022Towards Improving Exploration in Self-Imitation Learning using Intrinsic Motivationcited by 3
- 2023Using Offline Data to Speed Up Reinforcement Learning in Procedurally Generated Environmentscited by 1
- 2023Using Offline Data to Speed Up Reinforcement Learning in Procedurally Generated Environments18 Apr 2023
- 2022Towards Improving Exploration in Self-Imitation Learning using Intrinsic Motivation30 Nov 2022
- 2022A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Symbolic Reward Machines20 Apr 2022
- 2022CoWs on Pasture: Baselines and Benchmarks for Language-Driven Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 194
- 2022Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 158
- 2022The Unsurprising Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Vision Models for Controlcited by 155
- 2023Human-Timescale Adaptation in an Open-Ended Task Spacecited by 136
- 2023Motif: Intrinsic Motivation from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 99
- 2021MiniHack the Planet: A Sandbox for Open-Ended Reinforcement Learning Researchcited by 96
- 2021Decoupling Value and Policy for Generalization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 81
- 2024Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligencecited by 79
- 2022Unpacking Reward Shaping: Understanding the Benefits of Reward Engineering on Sample Complexitycited by 59
- 2023Hyperparameters in Reinforcement Learning and How To Tune Themcited by 58
- 2022Exploration via Elliptical Episodic Bonusescited by 51
- 2022Improving Intrinsic Exploration with Language Abstractionscited by 49
12 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Bellman Meets Lyapunov: Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning via Mastering Chaos1 Oct 2026
- 2026SUN: Reaching for Novelty in Reinforcement Learning8 Sep 2026
- 2026Explore Beyond the Boundary Using Entropic Information31 Jul 2026
- 2026Principled Direction-Free Intrinsic Motivation through Model-Free Epistemic Free-Energy Estimators18 Jul 2026
- 2026An Information-Theoretic Definition for Open-Ended Learning6 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning to Search and Searching to Learn for Generalization in Planning25 May 2026
- 2026Remember to be Curious: Episodic Context and Persistent Worlds for 3D Exploration21 May 2026
- 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gain20 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Model Optimization: Preserving Plasticity in Continual Reinforcement Learning16 Apr 2026
- 2026Adaptive Correlation-Weighted Intrinsic Rewards for Reinforcement Learning27 Feb 2026
- 2025Curiosity-driven RL for symbolic equation solving19 Oct 2025
- 2025Demystifying the Mechanisms Behind Emergent Exploration in Goal-conditioned RL15 Oct 2025
12 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)