mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Curiosity-Driven Exploration via Latent Bayesian Surprise

arXiv 2104.07495 ↗First posted 15 Apr 2021cs.LG cs.AI stat.MLcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

The human intrinsic desire to pursue knowledge, also known as curiosity, is considered essential in the process of skill acquisition. With the aid of artificial curiosity, we could equip current techniques for control, such as Reinforcement Learning, with more natural exploration capabilities. A promising approach in this respect has consisted of using Bayesian surprise on model parameters, i.e. a metric for the difference between prior and posterior beliefs, to favour exploration. In this contribution, we propose to apply Bayesian surprise in a latent space representing the agent's current understanding of the dynamics of the system, drastically reducing the computational costs. We extensively evaluate our method by measuring the agent's performance in terms of environment exploration, for continuous tasks, and looking at the game scores achieved, for video games. Our model is computationally cheap and compares positively with current state-of-the-art methods on several problems. We also investigate the effects caused by stochasticity in the environment, which is often a failure case for curiosity-driven agents. In this regime, the results suggest that our approach is resilient to stochastic transitions.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2021.

Builds on

35 of 58 references.

References · 35

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
  3. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  4. 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
  5. 2015Trust Region Policy Optimizationcited by 2,503
  6. 2019Dream to Control: Learning Behaviors by Latent Imaginationcited by 1,598
  7. 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,582
  8. 2018Learning Latent Dynamics for Planning from Pixelscited by 1,221
  9. 2017Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Predictioncited by 1,173
  10. 2020Mastering Atari with Discrete World Modelscited by 990
  11. 2018Exploration by Random Network Distillationcited by 966
  12. 2017Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 774
23 more
  1. 2019Solving Rubik's Cube with a Robot Handcited by 699
  2. 2016Unifying Count-Based Exploration and Intrinsic Motivationcited by 632
  3. 2020Planning to Explore via Self-Supervised World Modelscited by 365
  4. 2016#Exploration: A Study of Count-Based Exploration for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 307
  5. 2020Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmarkcited by 300
  6. 2018Large-Scale Study of Curiosity-Driven Learningcited by 277
  7. 2015Embed to Control: A Locally Linear Latent Dynamics Model for Control from Raw Imagescited by 266
  8. 2019Self-Supervised Exploration via Disagreementcited by 263
  9. 2017Noisy Networks for Explorationcited by 262
  10. 2017Count-Based Exploration with Neural Density Modelscited by 255
  11. 2018Randomized Prior Functions for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 218
  12. 2020Never Give Up: Learning Directed Exploration Strategiescited by 210
  13. 2021Reinforcement Learning with Prototypical Representationscited by 179
  14. 2020RIDE: Rewarding Impact-Driven Exploration for Procedurally-Generated Environmentscited by 135
  15. 2021State Entropy Maximization with Random Encoders for Efficient Explorationcited by 107
  16. 2018Model-Based Active Explorationcited by 105
  17. 2017Surprise-Based Intrinsic Motivation for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 83
  18. 2017Data-efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dexterous Manipulationcited by 61
  19. 2018Learning and Querying Fast Generative Models for Reinforcement Learningcited by 48
  20. 2020Novelty Search in Representational Space for Sample Efficient Explorationcited by 26
  21. 2020Variational Dynamic for Self-Supervised Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  22. 2019Implicit Generative Modeling for Efficient Explorationcited by 6
  23. 2020Evaluating Agents without Rewardscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.

22 papers.

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  1. 2023METRA: Scalable Unsupervised RL with Metric-Aware Abstractioncited by 80
  2. 2022Choreographer: Learning and Adapting Skills in Imaginationcited by 31
  3. 2022Mastering the Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Benchmark from Pixelscited by 20
  4. 2023Reward Shaping for Happier Autonomous Cyber Security Agentscited by 19
  5. 2023FOCUS: Object-Centric World Models for Robotics Manipulationcited by 17
  6. 2024PEAC: Unsupervised Pre-training for Cross-Embodiment Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  7. 2022EUCLID: Towards Efficient Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning with Multi-choice Dynamics Modelcited by 8
  8. 2024Dr. Strategy: Model-Based Generalist Agents with Strategic Dreamingcited by 6
  9. 2024Individual Contributions as Intrinsic Exploration Scaffolds for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
  10. 2025Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibrationcited by 4
  11. 2023Bayesian inference for data-efficient, explainable, and safe robotic motion planning: A reviewcited by 1
  12. 2024Adaptive Teaching in Heterogeneous Agents: Balancing Surprise in Sparse Reward Scenarioscited by 1
10 more
  1. 2025Thinking Outside the (Gray) Box: A Context-Based Score for Assessing Value and Originality in Neural Text Generationcited by 1
  2. 2025Combining Bayesian Inference and Reinforcement Learning for Agent Decision Making: A Reviewcited by 1
  3. 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spacescited by 1
  4. 2025Beyond Noisy-TVs: Noise-Robust Exploration Via Learning Progress Monitoringcited by 1
  5. 2026Curiosity Driven Knowledge Retrieval for Mobile Agentscited by 1
  6. 2026Task-Aware Exploration via a Predictive Bisimulation Metriccited by 1
  7. 2022Strangeness-driven Exploration in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  8. 2023Self-Emotion-Mediated Exploration in Artificial Intelligence Mirrors: Findings from Cognitive Psychologycited by 0
  9. 2023Learning to Navigate from Scratch using World Models and Curiosity: the Good, the Bad, and the Uglycited by 0
  10. 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gaincited by 0