Curiosity-Driven Exploration via Latent Bayesian Surprise
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Abstract (arXiv)
The human intrinsic desire to pursue knowledge, also known as curiosity, is considered essential in the process of skill acquisition. With the aid of artificial curiosity, we could equip current techniques for control, such as Reinforcement Learning, with more natural exploration capabilities. A promising approach in this respect has consisted of using Bayesian surprise on model parameters, i.e. a metric for the difference between prior and posterior beliefs, to favour exploration. In this contribution, we propose to apply Bayesian surprise in a latent space representing the agent's current understanding of the dynamics of the system, drastically reducing the computational costs. We extensively evaluate our method by measuring the agent's performance in terms of environment exploration, for continuous tasks, and looking at the game scores achieved, for video games. Our model is computationally cheap and compares positively with current state-of-the-art methods on several problems. We also investigate the effects caused by stochasticity in the environment, which is often a failure case for curiosity-driven agents. In this regime, the results suggest that our approach is resilient to stochastic transitions.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2021.
Builds on
35 of 58 references.
References · 35
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
- 2015Trust Region Policy Optimizationcited by 2,503
- 2019Dream to Control: Learning Behaviors by Latent Imaginationcited by 1,598
- 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,582
- 2018Learning Latent Dynamics for Planning from Pixelscited by 1,221
- 2017Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Predictioncited by 1,173
- 2020Mastering Atari with Discrete World Modelscited by 990
- 2018Exploration by Random Network Distillationcited by 966
- 2017Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 774
23 more
- 2019Solving Rubik's Cube with a Robot Handcited by 699
- 2016Unifying Count-Based Exploration and Intrinsic Motivationcited by 632
- 2020Planning to Explore via Self-Supervised World Modelscited by 365
- 2016#Exploration: A Study of Count-Based Exploration for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 307
- 2020Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmarkcited by 300
- 2018Large-Scale Study of Curiosity-Driven Learningcited by 277
- 2015Embed to Control: A Locally Linear Latent Dynamics Model for Control from Raw Imagescited by 266
- 2019Self-Supervised Exploration via Disagreementcited by 263
- 2017Noisy Networks for Explorationcited by 262
- 2017Count-Based Exploration with Neural Density Modelscited by 255
- 2018Randomized Prior Functions for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 218
- 2020Never Give Up: Learning Directed Exploration Strategiescited by 210
- 2021Reinforcement Learning with Prototypical Representationscited by 179
- 2020RIDE: Rewarding Impact-Driven Exploration for Procedurally-Generated Environmentscited by 135
- 2021State Entropy Maximization with Random Encoders for Efficient Explorationcited by 107
- 2018Model-Based Active Explorationcited by 105
- 2017Surprise-Based Intrinsic Motivation for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 83
- 2017Data-efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dexterous Manipulationcited by 61
- 2018Learning and Querying Fast Generative Models for Reinforcement Learningcited by 48
- 2020Novelty Search in Representational Space for Sample Efficient Explorationcited by 26
- 2020Variational Dynamic for Self-Supervised Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2019Implicit Generative Modeling for Efficient Explorationcited by 6
- 2020Evaluating Agents without Rewardscited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
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- 2023METRA: Scalable Unsupervised RL with Metric-Aware Abstractioncited by 80
- 2022Choreographer: Learning and Adapting Skills in Imaginationcited by 31
- 2022Mastering the Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Benchmark from Pixelscited by 20
- 2023Reward Shaping for Happier Autonomous Cyber Security Agentscited by 19
- 2023FOCUS: Object-Centric World Models for Robotics Manipulationcited by 17
- 2024PEAC: Unsupervised Pre-training for Cross-Embodiment Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2022EUCLID: Towards Efficient Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning with Multi-choice Dynamics Modelcited by 8
- 2024Dr. Strategy: Model-Based Generalist Agents with Strategic Dreamingcited by 6
- 2024Individual Contributions as Intrinsic Exploration Scaffolds for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2025Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibrationcited by 4
- 2023Bayesian inference for data-efficient, explainable, and safe robotic motion planning: A reviewcited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Teaching in Heterogeneous Agents: Balancing Surprise in Sparse Reward Scenarioscited by 1
10 more
- 2025Thinking Outside the (Gray) Box: A Context-Based Score for Assessing Value and Originality in Neural Text Generationcited by 1
- 2025Combining Bayesian Inference and Reinforcement Learning for Agent Decision Making: A Reviewcited by 1
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spacescited by 1
- 2025Beyond Noisy-TVs: Noise-Robust Exploration Via Learning Progress Monitoringcited by 1
- 2026Curiosity Driven Knowledge Retrieval for Mobile Agentscited by 1
- 2026Task-Aware Exploration via a Predictive Bisimulation Metriccited by 1
- 2022Strangeness-driven Exploration in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2023Self-Emotion-Mediated Exploration in Artificial Intelligence Mirrors: Findings from Cognitive Psychologycited by 0
- 2023Learning to Navigate from Scratch using World Models and Curiosity: the Good, the Bad, and the Uglycited by 0
- 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gaincited by 0
- 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gain20 May 2026
- 2026Task-Aware Exploration via a Predictive Bisimulation Metric21 Feb 2026
- 2026Curiosity Driven Knowledge Retrieval for Mobile Agents27 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Noisy-TVs: Noise-Robust Exploration Via Learning Progress Monitoring29 Sep 2025
- 2025Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibration25 Sep 2025
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spaces6 Jun 2025
- 2025Combining Bayesian Inference and Reinforcement Learning for Agent Decision Making: A Review12 May 2025
- 2025Thinking Outside the (Gray) Box: A Context-Based Score for Assessing Value and Originality in Neural Text Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2024Individual Contributions as Intrinsic Exploration Scaffolds for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning28 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Teaching in Heterogeneous Agents: Balancing Surprise in Sparse Reward Scenarios23 May 2024
- 2024PEAC: Unsupervised Pre-training for Cross-Embodiment Reinforcement Learning23 May 2024
- 2024Dr. Strategy: Model-Based Generalist Agents with Strategic Dreaming29 Feb 2024
10 more
- 2023Reward Shaping for Happier Autonomous Cyber Security Agents20 Oct 2023
- 2023METRA: Scalable Unsupervised RL with Metric-Aware Abstraction13 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning to Navigate from Scratch using World Models and Curiosity: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly30 Aug 2023
- 2023Bayesian inference for data-efficient, explainable, and safe robotic motion planning: A review16 Jul 2023
- 2023FOCUS: Object-Centric World Models for Robotics Manipulation5 Jul 2023
- 2023Self-Emotion-Mediated Exploration in Artificial Intelligence Mirrors: Findings from Cognitive Psychology13 Feb 2023
- 2022Strangeness-driven Exploration in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning27 Dec 2022
- 2022Choreographer: Learning and Adapting Skills in Imagination23 Nov 2022
- 2022EUCLID: Towards Efficient Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning with Multi-choice Dynamics Model2 Oct 2022
- 2022Mastering the Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Benchmark from Pixels24 Sep 2022
- 2026Curiosity Driven Knowledge Retrieval for Mobile Agentscited by 1
- 2026Curiosity Driven Knowledge Retrieval for Mobile Agents27 Jan 2026
- 2023METRA: Scalable Unsupervised RL with Metric-Aware Abstractioncited by 80
- 2022Choreographer: Learning and Adapting Skills in Imaginationcited by 31
- 2022Mastering the Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Benchmark from Pixelscited by 20
- 2023Reward Shaping for Happier Autonomous Cyber Security Agentscited by 19
- 2024PEAC: Unsupervised Pre-training for Cross-Embodiment Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2022EUCLID: Towards Efficient Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning with Multi-choice Dynamics Modelcited by 8
- 2024Dr. Strategy: Model-Based Generalist Agents with Strategic Dreamingcited by 6
- 2024Individual Contributions as Intrinsic Exploration Scaffolds for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2025Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibrationcited by 4
- 2023Bayesian inference for data-efficient, explainable, and safe robotic motion planning: A reviewcited by 1
- 2025Combining Bayesian Inference and Reinforcement Learning for Agent Decision Making: A Reviewcited by 1
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spacescited by 1
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026CIG: Exploration via Conditional Information Gain20 May 2026
- 2026Task-Aware Exploration via a Predictive Bisimulation Metric21 Feb 2026
- 2025Beyond Noisy-TVs: Noise-Robust Exploration Via Learning Progress Monitoring29 Sep 2025
- 2025Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibration25 Sep 2025
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spaces6 Jun 2025
- 2025Combining Bayesian Inference and Reinforcement Learning for Agent Decision Making: A Review12 May 2025
- 2024Individual Contributions as Intrinsic Exploration Scaffolds for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning28 May 2024
- 2024PEAC: Unsupervised Pre-training for Cross-Embodiment Reinforcement Learning23 May 2024
- 2024Dr. Strategy: Model-Based Generalist Agents with Strategic Dreaming29 Feb 2024
- 2023Reward Shaping for Happier Autonomous Cyber Security Agents20 Oct 2023
- 2023METRA: Scalable Unsupervised RL with Metric-Aware Abstraction13 Oct 2023
- 2023Bayesian inference for data-efficient, explainable, and safe robotic motion planning: A review16 Jul 2023
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)