mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspect

arXiv 2303.09136 ↗First posted 16 Mar 2023cs.CLcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed many fields, including natural language processing, computer vision, and reinforcement learning. These models have also made a significant impact in the field of law, where they are being increasingly utilized to automate various legal tasks, such as legal judgement prediction, legal document analysis, and legal document writing. However, the integration of LLMs into the legal field has also raised several legal problems, including privacy concerns, bias, and explainability. In this survey, we explore the integration of LLMs into the field of law. We discuss the various applications of LLMs in legal tasks, examine the legal challenges that arise from their use, and explore the data resources that can be used to specialize LLMs in the legal domain. Finally, we discuss several promising directions and conclude this paper. By doing so, we hope to provide an overview of the current state of LLMs in law and highlight the potential benefits and challenges of their integration.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 99 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2023.

Builds on

18 of 99 references.

References · 18

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  3. 2023Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Modelscited by 659
  4. 2021Persistent Anti-Muslim Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 376
  5. 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 199
  6. 2023Guiding Pretraining in Reinforcement Learning with Large Language Modelscited by 185
  7. 2018CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Predictioncited by 168
  8. 2021Understanding the Capabilities, Limitations, and Societal Impact of Large Language Modelscited by 159
  9. 2021Lawformer: A Pre-trained Language Model for Chinese Legal Long Documentscited by 115
  10. 2023Can GPT-3 Perform Statutory Reasoning?cited by 71
  11. 2022Legal Prompting: Teaching a Language Model to Think Like a Lawyercited by 60
  12. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
6 more
  1. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  2. 2023Natural Language Processing in the Legal Domaincited by 38
  3. 2022Law Informs Code: A Legal Informatics Approach to Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Humanscited by 23
  4. 2022Towards WinoQueer: Developing a Benchmark for Anti-Queer Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 8
  5. 2023Large Language Models as Fiduciaries: A Case Study Toward Robustly Communicating With Artificial Intelligence Through Legal Standardscited by 8
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 27; 2025: 11; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
  2. 2024A Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Large Language Modelscited by 276
  3. 2023Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 134
  4. 2024Is A Picture Worth A Thousand Words? Delving Into Spatial Reasoning for Vision Language Modelscited by 111
  5. 2023Is GPT-4 a Good Data Analyst?cited by 69
  6. 2023Data-Juicer: A One-Stop Data Processing System for Large Language Modelscited by 52
  7. 2023Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaborationcited by 52
  8. 2023An Empirical Study on Information Extraction using Large Language Modelscited by 46
  9. 2024Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challengescited by 42
  10. 2024What is the Role of Small Models in the LLM Era: A Surveycited by 41
  11. 2024LawLLM: Law Large Language Model for the US Legal Systemcited by 37
  12. 2024LexEval: A Comprehensive Chinese Legal Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 36
38 more
  1. 2024Conv-Basis: A New Paradigm for Efficient Attention Inference and Gradient Computation in Transformerscited by 32
  2. 2023Generative AI Text Classification using Ensemble LLM Approachescited by 29
  3. 2024Training Tensor Attention Efficiently: From Cubic to Almost Linear Timecited by 29
  4. 2024HyPA-RAG: A Hybrid Parameter Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Generation System for AI Legal and Policy Applicationscited by 22
  5. 2024IncogniText: Privacy-enhancing Conditional Text Anonymization via LLM-based Private Attribute Randomizationcited by 21
  6. 2024From Text to Transformation: A Comprehensive Review of Large Language Models' Versatilitycited by 19
  7. 2024Exploring the Frontiers of Softmax: Provable Optimization, Applications in Diffusion Model, and Beyondcited by 15
  8. 2023Getting Sick After Seeing a Doctor? Diagnosing and Mitigating Knowledge Conflicts in Event Temporal Reasoningcited by 12
  9. 2023Large Language Models are legal but they are not: Making the case for a powerful LegalLLMcited by 12
  10. 2025RECAST: Expanding the Boundaries of LLMs' Complex Instruction Following with Multi-Constraint Datacited by 11
  11. 2023Unifying Corroborative and Contributive Attributions in Large Language Modelscited by 10
  12. 2024Incentivizing Quality Text Generation via Statistical Contractscited by 10
  13. 2024Towards Infinite-Long Prefix in Transformercited by 10
  14. 2024Aligning CodeLLMs with Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 9
  15. 2025Large Language Models Meet Legal Artificial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 9
  16. 2023Questioning Biases in Case Judgment Summaries: Legal Datasets or Large Language Models?cited by 7
  17. 2025KoBLEX: Open Legal Question Answering with Multi-hop Reasoningcited by 7
  18. 2023Improving Small Language Models on PubMedQA via Generative Data Augmentationcited by 6
  19. 2024Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Surveycited by 6
  20. 2024Logic Rules as Explanations for Legal Case Retrievalcited by 5
  21. 2024LoCo: Low-Bit Communication Adaptor for Large-scale Model Trainingcited by 5
  22. 2025Fundamental Limits of Perfect Concept Erasurecited by 5
  23. 2024Fair In-Context Learning via Latent Concept Variablescited by 3
  24. 2024Effective In-Context Example Selection through Data Compressioncited by 2
  25. 2024ZALM3: Zero-Shot Enhancement of Vision-Language Alignment via In-Context Information in Multi-Turn Multimodal Medical Dialoguecited by 2
  26. 2024PIM-AI: A Novel Architecture for High-Efficiency LLM Inferencecited by 2
  27. 2025Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agentscited by 2
  28. 2024Exploiting LLMs' Reasoning Capability to Infer Implicit Concepts in Legal Information Retrievalcited by 1
  29. 2024A Comprehensive Framework for Reliable Legal AI: Combining Specialized Expert Systems and Adaptive Refinementcited by 1
  30. 2025DashChat: Interactive Authoring of Performance Dashboard Design Prototypes through Conversation with LLM-Powered Agentcited by 1
  31. 2025Testing for LLM response differences: the case of a composite null consisting of semantically irrelevant query perturbationscited by 1
  32. 2025VLegal-Bench: Cognitively Grounded Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Reasoning of Large Language Modelscited by 1
  33. 2026Reforming the Mechanism: Editing Reasoning Patterns in LLMs with Circuit Reshapingcited by 1
  34. 2024INACIA: Integrating Large Language Models in Brazilian Audit Courts: Opportunities and Challengescited by 0
  35. 2024How much reliable is ChatGPT's prediction on Information Extraction under Input Perturbations?cited by 0
  36. 2024An LLM-based Simulation Framework for Embodied Conversational Agents in Psychological Counselingcited by 0
  37. 2025"I Apologize For Not Understanding Your Policy": Exploring the Specification and Evaluation of User-Managed Access Control Policies by AI Virtual Assistantscited by 0
  38. 2025Using Large Language Models for Legal Decision-Making in Austrian Value-Added Tax Law: A Comparative Studycited by 0

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