mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Prediction

arXiv 2206.05224 ↗First posted 10 Jun 2022cs.CL cs.AIcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

The recent advances of deep learning have dramatically changed how machine learning, especially in the domain of natural language processing, can be applied to legal domain. However, this shift to the data-driven approaches calls for larger and more diverse datasets, which are nevertheless still small in number, especially in non-English languages. Here we present the first large-scale benchmark of Korean legal AI datasets, LBOX OPEN, that consists of one legal corpus, two classification tasks, two legal judgement prediction (LJP) tasks, and one summarization task. The legal corpus consists of 147k Korean precedents (259M tokens), of which 63k are sentenced in last 4 years and 96k are from the first and the second level courts in which factual issues are reviewed. The two classification tasks are case names (11.3k) and statutes (2.8k) prediction from the factual description of individual cases. The LJP tasks consist of (1) 10.5k criminal examples where the model is asked to predict fine amount, imprisonment with labor, and imprisonment without labor ranges for the given facts, and (2) 4.7k civil examples where the inputs are facts and claim for relief and outputs are the degrees of claim acceptance. The summarization task consists of the Supreme Court precedents and the corresponding summaries (20k). We also release realistic variants of the datasets by extending the domain (1) to infrequent case categories in case name (31k examples) and statute (17.7k) classification tasks, and (2) to long input sequences in the summarization task (51k). Finally, we release LCUBE, the first Korean legal language model trained on the legal corpus from this study. Given the uniqueness of the Law of South Korea and the diversity of the legal tasks covered in this work, we believe that LBOX OPEN contributes to the multilinguality of global legal research. LBOX OPEN and LCUBE will be publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2022.

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33 of 60 references.

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 7; 2024: 14; 2025: 13; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2023LegalBench: A Collaboratively Built Benchmark for Measuring Legal Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 336
  2. 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 117
  3. 2023LEXTREME: A Multi-Lingual and Multi-Task Benchmark for the Legal Domaincited by 68
  4. 2023LeXFiles and LegalLAMA: Facilitating English Multinational Legal Language Model Developmentcited by 54
  5. 2023One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Supportcited by 16
  6. 2024IL-TUR: Benchmark for Indian Legal Text Understanding and Reasoningcited by 16
  7. 2023The Cambridge Law Corpus: A Dataset for Legal AI Researchcited by 14
  8. 2024AdvisorQA: Towards Helpful and Harmless Advice-seeking Question Answering with Collective Intelligencecited by 12
  9. 2024LawInstruct: A Resource for Studying Language Model Adaptation to the Legal Domaincited by 10
  10. 2025Large Language Models Meet Legal Artificial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 10
  11. 2025LegalReasoner: Step-wised Verification-Correction for Legal Judgment Reasoningcited by 9
  12. 2024LLM vs. Lawyers: Identifying a Subset of Summary Judgments in a Large UK Case Law Datasetcited by 8
32 more
  1. 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 8
  2. 2024Legal Fact Prediction: The Missing Piece in Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 5
  3. 2024The CLC-UKET Dataset: Benchmarking Case Outcome Prediction for the UK Employment Tribunalcited by 5
  4. 2025LRAGE: Legal Retrieval Augmented Generation Evaluation Toolcited by 5
  5. 2025Enterprise Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 5
  6. 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
  7. 2022Data-efficient End-to-end Information Extraction for Statistical Legal Analysiscited by 3
  8. 2025When Large Language Models Meet Law: Dual-Lens Taxonomy, Technical Advances, and Ethical Governancecited by 3
  9. 2024On the Consideration of AI Openness: Can Good Intent Be Abused?cited by 2
  10. 2025LegalBench.PT: A Benchmark for Portuguese Lawcited by 2
  11. 2025Computational Law: Datasets, Benchmarks, and Ontologiescited by 2
  12. 2025LeCoDe: A Benchmark Dataset for Interactive Legal Consultation Dialogue Evaluationcited by 2
  13. 2024The Craft of Selective Prediction: Towards Reliable Case Outcome Classification -- An Empirical Study on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 1
  14. 2025LegalViz: Legal Text Visualization by Text To Diagram Generationcited by 1
  15. 2025Pruning General Large Language Models into Customized Expert Modelscited by 1
  16. 2025Thunder-DeID: Accurate and Efficient De-identification Framework for Korean Court Judgmentscited by 1
  17. 2025JBE-QA: Japanese Bar Exam QA Dataset for Assessing Legal Domain Knowledgecited by 1
  18. 2026Evaluating LLMs for Police Decision-Making: A Framework Based on Police Action Scenarioscited by 1
  19. 2026Evaluation of Large Language Models in Legal Applications: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 1
  20. 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QAcited by 1
  21. 2026Towards Explainable Adjudicative Variance: Quantifying Judicial Discretion via Gated Multi-Task Learningcited by 1
  22. 2023NESTLE: a No-Code Tool for Statistical Analysis of Legal Corpuscited by 0
  23. 2024A Korean Legal Judgment Prediction Dataset for Insurance Disputescited by 0
  24. 2024KIT-19: A Comprehensive Korean Instruction Toolkit on 19 Tasks for Fine-Tuning Korean Large Language Modelscited by 0
  25. 2024Towards Supporting Legal Argumentation with NLP: Is More Data Really All You Need?cited by 0
  26. 2024A Method for Detecting Legal Article Competition for Korean Criminal Law Using a Case-augmented Mention Graphcited by 0
  27. 2025ReGal: A First Look at PPO-based Legal AI for Judgment Prediction and Summarization in Indiacited by 0
  28. 2026TriBench-Ko: Evaluating LLM Risks in Judicial Workflowscited by 0
  29. 2026BLAD: A Historically Contextualized, Multilingual Dataset of Bangladeshi Legal Acts (1799 to 2025)cited by 0
  30. 2026AILQA: Evaluating AI-Driven Legal Question Answering Systems for the Indian Legal Systemcited by 0
  31. 2026When Does Defendant Statement Matter? A Study of Bias and Persuasion in LLM-Simulated Jurorscited by 0
  32. 2026Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insightscited by 0