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A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in French

arXiv 2108.11792 ↗First posted 26 Aug 2021cs.CLcited by 40

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Abstract (arXiv)

Statutory article retrieval is the task of automatically retrieving law articles relevant to a legal question. While recent advances in natural language processing have sparked considerable interest in many legal tasks, statutory article retrieval remains primarily untouched due to the scarcity of large-scale and high-quality annotated datasets. To address this bottleneck, we introduce the Belgian Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset (BSARD), which consists of 1,100+ French native legal questions labeled by experienced jurists with relevant articles from a corpus of 22,600+ Belgian law articles. Using BSARD, we benchmark several state-of-the-art retrieval approaches, including lexical and dense architectures, both in zero-shot and supervised setups. We find that fine-tuned dense retrieval models significantly outperform other systems. Our best performing baseline achieves 74.8% R@100, which is promising for the feasibility of the task and indicates there is still room for improvement. By the specificity of the domain and addressed task, BSARD presents a unique challenge problem for future research on legal information retrieval. Our dataset and source code are publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2021.

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36 of 68 references.

References · 36

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 8; 2024: 14; 2025: 4; 2026: 11.

40 papers.

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  1. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
  2. 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 111
  3. 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
  4. 2025A Reasoning-Focused Legal Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 37
  5. 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 35
  6. 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and lawcited by 13
  7. 2024AIR-Bench: Automated Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 12
  8. 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionalscited by 10
  9. 2023Finding the Law: Enhancing Statutory Article Retrieval via Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
  10. 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7
  11. 2023Alloprof: a new French question-answer education dataset and its use in an information retrieval case studycited by 6
  12. 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysiscited by 6
28 more
  1. 2022Legal and Political Stance Detection of SCOTUS Languagecited by 5
  2. 2024CuSINeS: Curriculum-driven Structure Induced Negative Sampling for Statutory Article Retrievalcited by 5
  3. 2024Bilingual BSARD: Extending Statutory Article Retrieval to Dutchcited by 5
  4. 2025MTEB-NL and E5-NL: Embedding Benchmark and Models for Dutchcited by 5
  5. 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
  6. 2024GRAF: Graph Retrieval Augmented by Facts for Romanian Legal Multi-Choice Question Answeringcited by 4
  7. 2025MOLE: Metadata Extraction and Validation in Scientific Papers Using LLMscited by 4
  8. 2025VLQA: The First Comprehensive, Large, and High-Quality Vietnamese Dataset for Legal Question Answeringcited by 4
  9. 2023VendorLink: An NLP approach for Identifying & Linking Vendor Migrants & Potential Aliases on Darknet Marketscited by 3
  10. 2026CanLegalRAGBench: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Canadian Case Lawcited by 2
  11. 2023CSPRD: A Financial Policy Retrieval Dataset for Chinese Stock Marketcited by 1
  12. 2024Triple-Encoders: Representations That Fire Together, Wire Togethercited by 1
  13. 2024Know When to Fuse: Investigating Non-English Hybrid Retrieval in the Legal Domaincited by 1
  14. 2026Citation-Closure Retrieval and Per-Rule Attribution for Real-World Regulatory Compliance Question Answeringcited by 1
  15. 2023Exploring the State of the Art in Legal QA Systemscited by 0
  16. 2024Revealing Trends in Datasets from the 2022 ACL and EMNLP Conferencescited by 0
  17. 2024A Cross-Lingual Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset for Taiwan Legal Studiescited by 0
  18. 2024QABISAR: Query-Article Bipartite Interactions for Statutory Article Retrievalcited by 0
  19. 2024A Method for Detecting Legal Article Competition for Korean Criminal Law Using a Case-augmented Mention Graphcited by 0
  20. 2026GraFine: Retrieval-Time Refinement for Efficient Graph RAG over Corpus Graphscited by 0
  21. 2026ILSIC: Corpora for Identifying Indian Legal Statutes from Queries by Laypeoplecited by 0
  22. 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QAcited by 0
  23. 2026Bundesrecht: An Open Library and Corpus for German Statutory Reference Processingcited by 0
  24. 2026GraphContainer: A Unified Platform for Comparing and Debugging Graph RAG Methodscited by 0
  25. 2026GreekBarRetrieval: A Benchmark for Greek Statutory Retrievalcited by 0
  26. 2026Which Rules Matter Now? Policy-Centroid Routing Before an Intelligent System Actscited by 0
  27. 2026Annotated Surrogate Retrieval for Polish Statutory Lawcited by 0
  28. 2026ViLegalExpert: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Retrieval and Question Answering from Real-World Consultationscited by 0