A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in French
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Statutory article retrieval is the task of automatically retrieving law articles relevant to a legal question. While recent advances in natural language processing have sparked considerable interest in many legal tasks, statutory article retrieval remains primarily untouched due to the scarcity of large-scale and high-quality annotated datasets. To address this bottleneck, we introduce the Belgian Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset (BSARD), which consists of 1,100+ French native legal questions labeled by experienced jurists with relevant articles from a corpus of 22,600+ Belgian law articles. Using BSARD, we benchmark several state-of-the-art retrieval approaches, including lexical and dense architectures, both in zero-shot and supervised setups. We find that fine-tuned dense retrieval models significantly outperform other systems. Our best performing baseline achieves 74.8% R@100, which is promising for the feasibility of the task and indicates there is still room for improvement. By the specificity of the domain and addressed task, BSARD presents a unique challenge problem for future research on legal information retrieval. Our dataset and source code are publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2021.
Builds on
36 of 68 references.
References · 36
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
- 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
- 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
- 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,362
- 2016Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Informationcited by 1,578
- 2021BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Modelscited by 1,225
- 2020Approximate Nearest Neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning for Dense Text Retrievalcited by 846
- 2019Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 691
24 more
- 2019CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Modelcited by 368
- 2020Overview of the TREC 2019 deep learning trackcited by 282
- 2018Learning Word Vectors for 157 Languagescited by 279
- 2021CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Reviewcited by 232
- 2017Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Replycited by 228
- 2019Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in Englishcited by 208
- 2019Multilingual Universal Sentence Encoder for Semantic Retrievalcited by 192
- 2018CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Predictioncited by 168
- 2019FlauBERT: Unsupervised Language Model Pre-training for Frenchcited by 153
- 2019JEC-QA: A Legal-Domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 115
- 2019Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification on EU Legislationcited by 104
- 2019Hierarchical Transformers for Long Document Classificationcited by 103
- 2018The Dataset Nutrition Label: A Framework To Drive Higher Data Quality Standardscited by 97
- 2018CLAUDETTE: an Automated Detector of Potentially Unfair Clauses in Online Terms of Servicecited by 72
- 2017On Sampling Strategies for Neural Network-based Collaborative Filteringcited by 71
- 2017Learning to Predict Charges for Criminal Cases with Legal Basiscited by 61
- 2020A Dataset for Statutory Reasoning in Tax Law Entailment and Question Answeringcited by 61
- 2018Polisis: Automated Analysis and Presentation of Privacy Policies Using Deep Learningcited by 50
- 2018End-to-End Retrieval in Continuous Spacecited by 46
- 2019Charge-Based Prison Term Prediction with Deep Gating Networkcited by 31
- 2019CAIL2019-SCM: A Dataset of Similar Case Matching in Legal Domaincited by 30
- 2019Plain English Summarization of Contractscited by 28
- 2019CJRC: A Reliable Human-Annotated Benchmark DataSet for Chinese Judicial Reading Comprehensioncited by 26
- 2020JNLP Team: Deep Learning for Legal Processing in COLIEE 2020cited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 8; 2024: 14; 2025: 4; 2026: 11.
40 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
- 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 111
- 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
- 2025A Reasoning-Focused Legal Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 37
- 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 35
- 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and lawcited by 13
- 2024AIR-Bench: Automated Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 12
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionalscited by 10
- 2023Finding the Law: Enhancing Statutory Article Retrieval via Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7
- 2023Alloprof: a new French question-answer education dataset and its use in an information retrieval case studycited by 6
- 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysiscited by 6
28 more
- 2022Legal and Political Stance Detection of SCOTUS Languagecited by 5
- 2024CuSINeS: Curriculum-driven Structure Induced Negative Sampling for Statutory Article Retrievalcited by 5
- 2024Bilingual BSARD: Extending Statutory Article Retrieval to Dutchcited by 5
- 2025MTEB-NL and E5-NL: Embedding Benchmark and Models for Dutchcited by 5
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024GRAF: Graph Retrieval Augmented by Facts for Romanian Legal Multi-Choice Question Answeringcited by 4
- 2025MOLE: Metadata Extraction and Validation in Scientific Papers Using LLMscited by 4
- 2025VLQA: The First Comprehensive, Large, and High-Quality Vietnamese Dataset for Legal Question Answeringcited by 4
- 2023VendorLink: An NLP approach for Identifying & Linking Vendor Migrants & Potential Aliases on Darknet Marketscited by 3
- 2026CanLegalRAGBench: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Canadian Case Lawcited by 2
- 2023CSPRD: A Financial Policy Retrieval Dataset for Chinese Stock Marketcited by 1
- 2024Triple-Encoders: Representations That Fire Together, Wire Togethercited by 1
- 2024Know When to Fuse: Investigating Non-English Hybrid Retrieval in the Legal Domaincited by 1
- 2026Citation-Closure Retrieval and Per-Rule Attribution for Real-World Regulatory Compliance Question Answeringcited by 1
- 2023Exploring the State of the Art in Legal QA Systemscited by 0
- 2024Revealing Trends in Datasets from the 2022 ACL and EMNLP Conferencescited by 0
- 2024A Cross-Lingual Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset for Taiwan Legal Studiescited by 0
- 2024QABISAR: Query-Article Bipartite Interactions for Statutory Article Retrievalcited by 0
- 2024A Method for Detecting Legal Article Competition for Korean Criminal Law Using a Case-augmented Mention Graphcited by 0
- 2026GraFine: Retrieval-Time Refinement for Efficient Graph RAG over Corpus Graphscited by 0
- 2026ILSIC: Corpora for Identifying Indian Legal Statutes from Queries by Laypeoplecited by 0
- 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QAcited by 0
- 2026Bundesrecht: An Open Library and Corpus for German Statutory Reference Processingcited by 0
- 2026GraphContainer: A Unified Platform for Comparing and Debugging Graph RAG Methodscited by 0
- 2026GreekBarRetrieval: A Benchmark for Greek Statutory Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026Which Rules Matter Now? Policy-Centroid Routing Before an Intelligent System Actscited by 0
- 2026Annotated Surrogate Retrieval for Polish Statutory Lawcited by 0
- 2026ViLegalExpert: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Retrieval and Question Answering from Real-World Consultationscited by 0
- 2026ViLegalExpert: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Retrieval and Question Answering from Real-World Consultations30 Sep 2026
- 2026Annotated Surrogate Retrieval for Polish Statutory Law31 Aug 2026
- 2026Which Rules Matter Now? Policy-Centroid Routing Before an Intelligent System Acts31 Aug 2026
- 2026GreekBarRetrieval: A Benchmark for Greek Statutory Retrieval19 Aug 2026
- 2026GraphContainer: A Unified Platform for Comparing and Debugging Graph RAG Methods5 Jun 2026
- 2026Bundesrecht: An Open Library and Corpus for German Statutory Reference Processing29 May 2026
- 2026CanLegalRAGBench: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Canadian Case Law28 May 2026
- 2026Citation-Closure Retrieval and Per-Rule Attribution for Real-World Regulatory Compliance Question Answering28 May 2026
- 2026ILSIC: Corpora for Identifying Indian Legal Statutes from Queries by Laypeople31 Jan 2026
- 2026GraFine: Retrieval-Time Refinement for Efficient Graph RAG over Corpus Graphs26 Jan 2026
- 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QA24 Jan 2026
- 2025MTEB-NL and E5-NL: Embedding Benchmark and Models for Dutch15 Sep 2025
28 more
- 2025VLQA: The First Comprehensive, Large, and High-Quality Vietnamese Dataset for Legal Question Answering26 Jul 2025
- 2025MOLE: Metadata Extraction and Validation in Scientific Papers Using LLMs26 May 2025
- 2025A Reasoning-Focused Legal Retrieval Benchmark6 May 2025
- 2024AIR-Bench: Automated Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmark17 Dec 2024
- 2024A Method for Detecting Legal Article Competition for Korean Criminal Law Using a Case-augmented Mention Graph16 Dec 2024
- 2024Bilingual BSARD: Extending Statutory Article Retrieval to Dutch10 Dec 2024
- 2024GRAF: Graph Retrieval Augmented by Facts for Romanian Legal Multi-Choice Question Answering5 Dec 2024
- 2024QABISAR: Query-Article Bipartite Interactions for Statutory Article Retrieval1 Dec 2024
- 2024A Cross-Lingual Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset for Taiwan Legal Studies15 Oct 2024
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in English12 Oct 2024
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Models11 Oct 2024
- 2024Know When to Fuse: Investigating Non-English Hybrid Retrieval in the Legal Domain2 Sep 2024
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionals21 Jun 2024
- 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis30 May 2024
- 2024Revealing Trends in Datasets from the 2022 ACL and EMNLP Conferences31 Mar 2024
- 2024CuSINeS: Curriculum-driven Structure Induced Negative Sampling for Statutory Article Retrieval31 Mar 2024
- 2024Triple-Encoders: Representations That Fire Together, Wire Together19 Feb 2024
- 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models29 Sep 2023
- 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models28 Sep 2023
- 2023CSPRD: A Financial Policy Retrieval Dataset for Chinese Stock Market8 Sep 2023
- 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and law10 Aug 2023
- 2023VendorLink: An NLP approach for Identifying & Linking Vendor Migrants & Potential Aliases on Darknet Markets4 May 2023
- 2023Exploring the State of the Art in Legal QA Systems13 Apr 2023
- 2023Alloprof: a new French question-answer education dataset and its use in an information retrieval case study10 Feb 2023
- 2023Finding the Law: Enhancing Statutory Article Retrieval via Graph Neural Networks30 Jan 2023
- 2022Legal and Political Stance Detection of SCOTUS Language21 Nov 2022
- 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Prediction10 Jun 2022
- 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English3 Oct 2021
- 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 35
- 2024GRAF: Graph Retrieval Augmented by Facts for Romanian Legal Multi-Choice Question Answeringcited by 4
- 2026CanLegalRAGBench: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Canadian Case Lawcited by 2
- 2026GraphContainer: A Unified Platform for Comparing and Debugging Graph RAG Methodscited by 0
- 2026GraphContainer: A Unified Platform for Comparing and Debugging Graph RAG Methods5 Jun 2026
- 2026CanLegalRAGBench: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Canadian Case Law28 May 2026
- 2024GRAF: Graph Retrieval Augmented by Facts for Romanian Legal Multi-Choice Question Answering5 Dec 2024
- 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models29 Sep 2023
- 2025A Reasoning-Focused Legal Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 37
- 2025A Reasoning-Focused Legal Retrieval Benchmark6 May 2025
- 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
- 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 111
- 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
- 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and lawcited by 13
- 2024AIR-Bench: Automated Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 12
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionalscited by 10
- 2023Finding the Law: Enhancing Statutory Article Retrieval via Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7
- 2023Alloprof: a new French question-answer education dataset and its use in an information retrieval case studycited by 6
- 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysiscited by 6
- 2022Legal and Political Stance Detection of SCOTUS Languagecited by 5
- 2024CuSINeS: Curriculum-driven Structure Induced Negative Sampling for Statutory Article Retrievalcited by 5
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026ViLegalExpert: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Retrieval and Question Answering from Real-World Consultations30 Sep 2026
- 2026Annotated Surrogate Retrieval for Polish Statutory Law31 Aug 2026
- 2026Which Rules Matter Now? Policy-Centroid Routing Before an Intelligent System Acts31 Aug 2026
- 2026GreekBarRetrieval: A Benchmark for Greek Statutory Retrieval19 Aug 2026
- 2026Bundesrecht: An Open Library and Corpus for German Statutory Reference Processing29 May 2026
- 2026Citation-Closure Retrieval and Per-Rule Attribution for Real-World Regulatory Compliance Question Answering28 May 2026
- 2026ILSIC: Corpora for Identifying Indian Legal Statutes from Queries by Laypeople31 Jan 2026
- 2026GraFine: Retrieval-Time Refinement for Efficient Graph RAG over Corpus Graphs26 Jan 2026
- 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QA24 Jan 2026
- 2025MTEB-NL and E5-NL: Embedding Benchmark and Models for Dutch15 Sep 2025
- 2025VLQA: The First Comprehensive, Large, and High-Quality Vietnamese Dataset for Legal Question Answering26 Jul 2025
- 2025MOLE: Metadata Extraction and Validation in Scientific Papers Using LLMs26 May 2025
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)