mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

DISC-LawLLM: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Intelligent Legal Services

arXiv 2309.11325 ↗First posted 20 Sep 2023cs.CLcited by 120

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Cited by 26 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We propose DISC-LawLLM, an intelligent legal system utilizing large language models (LLMs) to provide a wide range of legal services. We adopt legal syllogism prompting strategies to construct supervised fine-tuning datasets in the Chinese Judicial domain and fine-tune LLMs with legal reasoning capability. We augment LLMs with a retrieval module to enhance models' ability to access and utilize external legal knowledge. A comprehensive legal benchmark, DISC-Law-Eval, is presented to evaluate intelligent legal systems from both objective and subjective dimensions. Quantitative and qualitative results on DISC-Law-Eval demonstrate the effectiveness of our system in serving various users across diverse legal scenarios. The detailed resources are available at https://github.com/FudanDISC/DISC-LawLLM.

Key facts. Cited by 120 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2023.

Builds on

17 of 39 references.

References · 17

  1. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  2. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
  3. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,031
  4. 2023Instruction Tuning with GPT-4cited by 686
  5. 2023Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpacacited by 305
  6. 2018CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Predictioncited by 170
  7. 2020How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligencecited by 129
  8. 2019JEC-QA: A Legal-Domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 116
  9. 2023Lawyer LLaMA Technical Reportcited by 54
  10. 2019Legal Judgment Prediction via Multi-Perspective Bi-Feedback Networkcited by 50
  11. 2023Legal Syllogism Prompting: Teaching Large Language Models for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 38
  12. 2018Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptionscited by 36
5 more
  1. 2022LEVEN: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Event Detection Datasetcited by 36
  2. 2023Chinese Open Instruction Generalist: A Preliminary Releasecited by 35
  3. 2018LexNLP: Natural language processing and information extraction for legal and regulatory textscited by 28
  4. 2019CJRC: A Reliable Human-Annotated Benchmark DataSet for Chinese Judicial Reading Comprehensioncited by 26
  5. 2019Discrete Argument Representation Learning for Interactive Argument Pair Identificationcited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 39; 2025: 43; 2026: 30.

120 papers.

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  1. 2024LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methodscited by 465
  2. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Surveycited by 354
  3. 2024A Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Large Language Modelscited by 284
  4. 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 234
  5. 2025LLM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 135
  6. 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 117
  7. 2024AI Hospital: Benchmarking Large Language Models in a Multi-agent Medical Interaction Simulatorcited by 101
  8. 2023Thread of Thought Unraveling Chaotic Contextscited by 72
  9. 2024Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) and Beyond: A Comprehensive Survey on How to Make your LLMs use External Data More Wiselycited by 66
  10. 2023DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuningcited by 64
  11. 2024What is the Role of Small Models in the LLM Era: A Surveycited by 41
  12. 2024A Survey on Data Synthesis and Augmentation for Large Language Modelscited by 41
38 more
  1. 2024AgentCourt: Simulating Court with Adversarial Evolvable Lawyer Agentscited by 37
  2. 2024On the Impact of Fine-Tuning on Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 32
  3. 2024PsycoLLM: Enhancing LLM for Psychological Understanding and Evaluationcited by 26
  4. 2024Citation-Enhanced Generation for LLM-based Chatbotscited by 25
  5. 2025RAG LLMs are Not Safer: A Safety Analysis of Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Modelscited by 24
  6. 2024Synergistic Multi-Agent Framework with Trajectory Learning for Knowledge-Intensive Taskscited by 23
  7. 2025Multi-Agent Simulator Drives Language Models for Legal Intensive Interactioncited by 22
  8. 2025Your Pre-trained LLM is Secretly an Unsupervised Confidence Calibratorcited by 20
  9. 2025LexRAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Multi-Turn Legal Consultation Conversationcited by 19
  10. 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
  11. 2024Multilingual Large Language Models: A Systematic Surveycited by 18
  12. 2025JuDGE: Benchmarking Judgment Document Generation for Chinese Legal Systemcited by 18
  13. 2024Enabling Discriminative Reasoning in LLMs for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 17
  14. 2024CitaLaw: Enhancing LLM with Citations in Legal Domaincited by 16
  15. 2024PDF-WuKong: A Large Multimodal Model for Efficient Long PDF Reading with End-to-End Sparse Samplingcited by 14
  16. 2025SVGen: Interpretable Vector Graphics Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 14
  17. 2024COAST: Enhancing the Code Debugging Ability of LLMs through Communicative Agent Based Data Synthesiscited by 13
  18. 2025Ready Jurist One: Benchmarking Language Agents for Legal Intelligence in Dynamic Environmentscited by 13
  19. 2023Reformulating Domain Adaptation of Large Language Models as Adapt-Retrieve-Revise: A Case Study on Chinese Legal Domaincited by 12
  20. 2024BianCang: A Traditional Chinese Medicine Large Language Modelcited by 12
  21. 2025LegalDelta: Enhancing Legal Reasoning in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning with Chain-of-Thought Guided Information Gaincited by 12
  22. 2025Unilaw-R1: A Large Language Model for Legal Reasoning with Reinforcement Learning and Iterative Inferencecited by 12
  23. 2024SoMeLVLM: A Large Vision Language Model for Social Media Processingcited by 11
  24. 2025Domaino1s: Guiding LLM Reasoning for Explainable Answers in High-Stakes Domainscited by 11
  25. 2025EdgeLoRA: An Efficient Multi-Tenant LLM Serving System on Edge Devicescited by 11
  26. 2023LAiW: A Chinese Legal Large Language Models Benchmarkcited by 9
  27. 2025Never Start from Scratch: Expediting On-Device LLM Personalization via Explainable Model Selectioncited by 8
  28. 2026LRAS: Advanced Legal Reasoning with Agentic Searchcited by 8
  29. 2024Event Grounded Criminal Court View Generation with Cooperative (Large) Language Modelscited by 7
  30. 2025Legal Mathematical Reasoning with LLMs: Procedural Alignment through Two-Stage Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  31. 2024Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Surveycited by 6
  32. 2024Beyond Guilt: Legal Judgment Prediction with Trichotomous Reasoningcited by 6
  33. 2025WenyanGPT: A Large Language Model for Classical Chinese Taskscited by 6
  34. 2024InternLM-Law: An Open Source Chinese Legal Large Language Modelcited by 5
  35. 2024HAF-RM: A Hybrid Alignment Framework for Reward Model Trainingcited by 5
  36. 2024ELLA: Empowering LLMs for Interpretable, Accurate and Informative Legal Advicecited by 5
  37. 2025Automating Legal Interpretation with LLMs: Retrieval, Generation, and Evaluationcited by 5
  38. 2025JUREX-4E: Juridical Expert-Annotated Four-Element Knowledge Base for Legal Reasoningcited by 5

50 most cited of 120 All 120 (JSON)

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  1. 2025CLaw: Benchmarking Chinese Legal Knowledge in Large Language Models - A Fine-grained Corpus and Reasoning Analysis
  2. 2026WisdomInterrogatory (LuWen): An Open-Source Legal Large Language Model Technical Report
  3. 2025Evaluating Test-Time Scaling LLMs for Legal Reasoning: OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1, and Beyond
  4. 2026Evaluation of Large Language Models in Legal Applications: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions
  5. 2025Benchmarking Multi-Step Legal Reasoning and Analyzing Chain-of-Thought Effects in Large Language Models
  6. 2026LexKairos: Benchmarking Legal Temporal Capabilities in LLMs
  7. 2023One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Support
  8. 2026Multi-Legal-Bench: Evaluating LLMs on Legal Reasoning Across Jurisdictions, Languages, and Legal Traditions