mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CLAUDETTE: an Automated Detector of Potentially Unfair Clauses in Online Terms of Service

arXiv 1805.01217 ↗First posted 3 May 2018cs.AI cs.CYcited by 73

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Terms of service of on-line platforms too often contain clauses that are potentially unfair to the consumer. We present an experimental study where machine learning is employed to automatically detect such potentially unfair clauses. Results show that the proposed system could provide a valuable tool for lawyers and consumers alike.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 May 2018.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 5; 2023: 15; 2024: 17; 2025: 15; 2026: 9.

73 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023LegalBench: A Collaboratively Built Benchmark for Measuring Legal Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 336
  2. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 310
  3. 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 201
  4. 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 148
  5. 2022Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Datasetcited by 113
  6. 2024LLaMA Pro: Progressive LLaMA with Block Expansioncited by 101
  7. 2023MultiLegalPile: A 689GB Multilingual Legal Corpuscited by 60
  8. 2023Metacognitive Prompting Improves Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 58
  9. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  10. 2023Adapting Large Language Models to Domains via Reading Comprehensioncited by 50
  11. 2022Multi-LexSum: Real-World Summaries of Civil Rights Lawsuits at Multiple Granularitiescited by 47
  12. 2024A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Taskscited by 47
38 more
  1. 2021RAFT: A Real-World Few-Shot Text Classification Benchmarkcited by 44
  2. 2024Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challengescited by 42
  3. 2021A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in Frenchcited by 40
  4. 2023MAUD: An Expert-Annotated Legal NLP Dataset for Merger Agreement Understandingcited by 33
  5. 2023ChatGPT may Pass the Bar Exam soon, but has a Long Way to Go for the LexGLUE benchmarkcited by 33
  6. 2022Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformercited by 20
  7. 2025Forget About It: Mitigating Forgetting Without Replay or Auxiliary Objectivescited by 14
  8. 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and lawcited by 13
  9. 2023Human Still Wins over LLM: An Empirical Study of Active Learning on Domain-Specific Annotation Taskscited by 13
  10. 2024ChronosLex: Time-aware Incremental Training for Temporal Generalization of Legal Classification Taskscited by 11
  11. 2024LawInstruct: A Resource for Studying Language Model Adaptation to the Legal Domaincited by 10
  12. 2023Automated Few-shot Classification with Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 9
  13. 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 8
  14. 2021AI-enabled Automation for Completeness Checking of Privacy Policiescited by 7
  15. 2024DPPA: Pruning Method for Large Language Model to Model Mergingcited by 7
  16. 2024Lawma: The Power of Specialization for Legal Annotationcited by 7
  17. 2024Llama SLayer 8B: Shallow Layers Hold the Key to Knowledge Injectioncited by 6
  18. 2025A Survey of Classification Tasks and Approaches for Legal Contractscited by 6
  19. 2021The Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Baseline: Discussing SVMs in Legal Text Classificationcited by 5
  20. 2024Enterprise Benchmarks for Large Language Model Evaluationcited by 5
  21. 2021LegaLMFiT: Efficient Short Legal Text Classification with LSTM Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 4
  22. 2025sudoLLM: On Multi-role Alignment of Language Modelscited by 4
  23. 2025VLQA: The First Comprehensive, Large, and High-Quality Vietnamese Dataset for Legal Question Answeringcited by 4
  24. 2021Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Argumentation Mining in Russian Textscited by 3
  25. 2024Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court on Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family lifecited by 3
  26. 2022Attack on Unfair ToS Clause Detection: A Case Study using Universal Adversarial Triggerscited by 2
  27. 2023Towards Mitigating Perceived Unfairness in Contracts from a Non-Legal Stakeholder's Perspectivecited by 2
  28. 2024Dealing with Data for RE: Mitigating Challenges while using NLP and Generative AIcited by 2
  29. 2024Interpretable Cross-Examination Technique (ICE-T): Using highly informative features to boost LLM performancecited by 2
  30. 2025From Prediction to Explanation: Multimodal, Explainable, and Interactive Deepfake Detection Framework for Non-Expert Userscited by 2
  31. 2025Evaluating Customized vs. Generalist Transformer-based Models for Legal Contract Classificationcited by 2
  32. 2025Efficient Prompt Optimisation for Legal Text Classification with Proxy Prompt Evaluatorcited by 2
  33. 2021Combining Transformers with Natural Language Explanationscited by 1
  34. 2023Towards Grammatical Tagging for the Legal Language of Cybersecuritycited by 1
  35. 2023An energy-based comparative analysis of common approaches to text classification in the Legal domaincited by 1
  36. 2024The Right Model for the Job: An Evaluation of Legal Multi-Label Classification Baselinescited by 1
  37. 2024Annotation and Classification of Relevant Clauses in Terms-and-Conditions Contractscited by 1
  38. 2024Are LLM-based methods good enough for detecting unfair terms of service?cited by 1

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)