Are LLM-based methods good enough for detecting unfair terms of service?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Countless terms of service (ToS) are being signed everyday by users all over the world while interacting with all kinds of apps and websites. More often than not, these online contracts spanning double-digit pages are signed blindly by users who simply want immediate access to the desired service. What would normally require a consultation with a legal team, has now become a mundane activity consisting of a few clicks where users potentially sign away their rights, for instance in terms of their data privacy, to countless online entities/companies. Large language models (LLMs) are good at parsing long text-based documents, and could potentially be adopted to help users when dealing with dubious clauses in ToS and their underlying privacy policies. To investigate the utility of existing models for this task, we first build a dataset consisting of 12 questions applied individually to a set of privacy policies crawled from popular websites. Thereafter, a series of open-source as well as commercial chatbots such as ChatGPT, are queried over each question, with the answers being compared to a given ground truth. Our results show that some open-source models are able to provide a higher accuracy compared to some commercial models. However, the best performance is recorded from a commercial chatbot (ChatGPT4). Overall, all models perform only slightly better than random at this task. Consequently, their performance needs to be significantly improved before they can be adopted at large for this purpose.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 4 of its 6 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2024.
Builds on
4 of 6 references.
References · 4
- 2023LegalBench: A Collaboratively Built Benchmark for Measuring Legal Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 328
- 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 145
- 2018CLAUDETTE: an Automated Detector of Potentially Unfair Clauses in Online Terms of Servicecited by 72
- 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1.
1 paper.
- 2025Terminators: Terms of Service Parsing and Auditing Agents16 May 2025