HiDrive: A Closed-Loop Benchmark for High-Level Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Adversarial scenarios and safety testing
Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed rapid progress, yet existing benchmarks are increasingly saturated, with state-of-the-art models achieving near-perfect scores on widely used open-loop and closed-loop benchmarks. This saturation does not mean that the problem has been solved; instead, it reveals that current benchmarks remain limited in scenario diversity, object variety, and the breadth of driving capabilities they evaluate. In particular, they lack sufficient long-tail scenarios involving rare but safety-critical objects and fail to assess advanced decision-making such as legal compliance, ethical reasoning, and emergency response. To address these gaps, we propose HiDrive, a new closed-loop benchmark for end-to-end autonomous driving that emphasizes long-tail scenarios and a richer evaluation of driving capabilities. HiDrive introduces a diverse set of rare objects and uncommon traffic situations, and expands evaluation from basic driving skills to more advanced capabilities, including rule compliance, moral reasoning, and context-dependent emergency maneuvers. Correspondingly, we extend previous collision-avoidance-centered metrics into a comprehensive evaluation system that encompasses collision and braking, traffic-rule compliance, and moral-reasoning indicators. Built on a more advanced physics engine, HiDrive provides physically realistic lighting and high-fidelity visual rendering, offering a more challenging and realistic testbed for assessing whether autonomous driving systems can handle the complexity of real-world deployment. The HiDrive software, source code, digital assets, and documentation are available at https://github.com/VDIGPKU/HiDrive.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Adversarial scenarios and safety testing, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 28 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2026.
Builds on
28 of 29 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 27
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 527
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 455
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 343
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
15 more
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
- 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
- 2025ORION: A Holistic End-to-End Autonomous Driving Framework by Vision-Language Instructed Action Generationcited by 177
- 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 168
- 2025SimLingo: Vision-Only Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Language-Action Alignmentcited by 149
- 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 142
- 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
- 2023Reason2Drive: Towards Interpretable and Chain-based Reasoning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 122
- 2026Latent-WAM: Latent World Action Modeling for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2024CoMAL: Collaborative Multi-Agent Large Language Models for Mixed-Autonomy Trafficcited by 22
- 2026SparseDriveV2: Scoring is All You Need for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 21
- 2026Devil is in Narrow Policy: Unleashing Exploration in Driving VLA Modelscited by 14
- 2025DriveAgent: Multi-Agent Structured Reasoning with LLM and Multimodal Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2025HENet++: Hybrid Encoding and Multi-task Learning for 3D Perception and End-to-end Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2025KnowVal: A Knowledge-Augmented and Value-Guided Autonomous Driving Systemcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
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- 2025Towards Benchmarking and Assessing the Safety and Robustness of Autonomous Driving on Safety-critical Scenarios
- 2025Safety2Drive: Safety-Critical Scenario Benchmark for the Evaluation of Autonomous Driving
- 2026MDrive: Benchmarking Closed-Loop Cooperative Driving for End-to-End Multi-agent Systems
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers
- 2026Fail2Drive: Benchmarking Closed-Loop Driving Generalization
- 2025MTRDrive: Memory-Tool Synergistic Reasoning for Robust Autonomous Driving in Corner Cases
- 2022Driver Dojo: A Benchmark for Generalizable Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving
- 2021Evaluating Robustness over High Level Driving Instruction for Autonomous Driving