mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Driver Dojo: A Benchmark for Generalizable Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2207.11432 ↗First posted 23 Jul 2022cs.LG cs.AI cs.SYcited by 2

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Reinforcement learning for driving

Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown to reach super human-level performance across a wide range of tasks. However, unlike supervised machine learning, learning strategies that generalize well to a wide range of situations remains one of the most challenging problems for real-world RL. Autonomous driving (AD) provides a multi-faceted experimental field, as it is necessary to learn the correct behavior over many variations of road layouts and large distributions of possible traffic situations, including individual driver personalities and hard-to-predict traffic events. In this paper we propose a challenging benchmark for generalizable RL for AD based on a configurable, flexible, and performant code base. Our benchmark uses a catalog of randomized scenario generators, including multiple mechanisms for road layout and traffic variations, different numerical and visual observation types, distinct action spaces, diverse vehicle models, and allows for use under static scenario definitions. In addition to purely algorithmic insights, our application-oriented benchmark also enables a better understanding of the impact of design decisions such as action and observation space on the generalizability of policies. Our benchmark aims to encourage researchers to propose solutions that are able to successfully generalize across scenarios, a task in which current RL methods fail. The code for the benchmark is available at https://github.com/seawee1/driver-dojo.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for driving, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 36 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jul 2022.

Builds on

36 of 62 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022How to Learn from Risk: Explicit Risk-Utility Reinforcement Learning for Efficient and Safe Driving Strategies16 Mar
  2. 2021MetaDrive: Composing Diverse Driving Scenarios for Generalizable Reinforcement Learning26 Sep
  3. 2021Affordance-based Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving15 Jan

Other references · 33

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  3. 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
  4. 2017Domain Randomization for Transferring Deep Neural Networks from Simulation to the Real Worldcited by 1,401
  5. 2019Mastering Atari, Go, Chess and Shogi by Planning with a Learned Modelcited by 1,327
  6. 2016End to End Learning for Self-Driving Carscited by 1,000
  7. 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning at the Edge of the Statistical Precipicecited by 781
  8. 2015Dueling Network Architectures for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 769
  9. 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matterscited by 727
  10. 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 698
  11. 2018Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulationcited by 643
  12. 2019Leveraging Procedural Generation to Benchmark Reinforcement Learningcited by 478
21 more
  1. 2017A Brief Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 466
  2. 2018An Algorithmic Perspective on Imitation Learningcited by 455
  3. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
  4. 2016Benchmarking Deep Reinforcement Learning for Continuous Controlcited by 361
  5. 2016Safe, Multi-Agent, Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 301
  6. 2018The highD Dataset: A Drone Dataset of Naturalistic Vehicle Trajectories on German Highways for Validation of Highly Automated Driving Systemscited by 276
  7. 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 266
  8. 2020Emergent Complexity and Zero-shot Transfer via Unsupervised Environment Designcited by 260
  9. 2019INTERACTION Dataset: An INTERnational, Adversarial and Cooperative moTION Dataset in Interactive Driving Scenarios with Semantic Mapscited by 231
  10. 2015DeepDriving: Learning Affordance for Direct Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 229
  11. 2020Prioritized Level Replaycited by 190
  12. 2022Evolving Curricula with Regret-Based Environment Designcited by 166
  13. 2019Benchmarking Model-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 158
  14. 2021Tianshou: a Highly Modularized Deep Reinforcement Learning Librarycited by 139
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  16. 2020SMARTS: Scalable Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Training School for Autonomous Drivingcited by 121
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  18. 2018Conditional Affordance Learning for Driving in Urban Environmentscited by 70
  19. 2019Simulation-based reinforcement learning for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 51
  20. 2021Contingencies from Observations: Tractable Contingency Planning with Learned Behavior Modelscited by 22
  21. 2020Meta Automatic Curriculum Learningcited by 6

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2.

2 papers.

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  1. 2026Beyond Self-Play and Scale: A Behavior Benchmark for Generalization in Autonomous Driving
  2. 2025V-Max: A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Autonomous Driving
  3. 2025A Survey of Reinforcement Learning-Based Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving: Lessons Learned from a Driving Task Perspective
  4. 2025A Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving in the CARLA Simulator
  5. 2021A Reinforcement Learning Benchmark for Autonomous Driving in Intersection Scenarios
  6. 2024TorchDriveEnv: A Reinforcement Learning Benchmark for Autonomous Driving with Reactive, Realistic, and Diverse Non-Playable Characters
  7. 2021DriverGym: Democratising Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving
  8. 2024Reinforcement Learning for Online Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems: a Replication and Extension Study