From Programs to Poses: Factored Real-World Scene Generation via Learned Program Libraries
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Abstract (arXiv)
Real-world scenes, such as those in ScanNet, are difficult to capture, with highly limited data available. Generating realistic scenes with varied object poses remains an open and challenging task. In this work, we propose FactoredScenes, a framework that synthesizes realistic 3D scenes by leveraging the underlying structure of rooms while learning the variation of object poses from lived-in scenes. We introduce a factored representation that decomposes scenes into hierarchically organized concepts of room programs and object poses. To encode structure, FactoredScenes learns a library of functions capturing reusable layout patterns from which scenes are drawn, then uses large language models to generate high-level programs, regularized by the learned library. To represent scene variations, FactoredScenes learns a program-conditioned model to hierarchically predict object poses, and retrieves and places 3D objects in a scene. We show that FactoredScenes generates realistic, real-world rooms that are difficult to distinguish from real ScanNet scenes.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2025.
Builds on
31 of 47 references.
References · 31
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
- 2018Demystifying MMD GANscited by 1,293
- 20203D-FRONT: 3D Furnished Rooms with layOuts and semaNTicscited by 380
- 2023LayoutGPT: Compositional Visual Planning and Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 347
- 2023Holodeck: Language Guided Generation of 3D Embodied AI Environmentscited by 268
- 2023Text2Room: Extracting Textured 3D Meshes from 2D Text-to-Image Modelscited by 245
- 2021ATISS: Autoregressive Transformers for Indoor Scene Synthesiscited by 200
- 2023XCube: Large-Scale 3D Generative Modeling using Sparse Voxel Hierarchiescited by 189
- 2023DiffuScene: Denoising Diffusion Models for Generative Indoor Scene Synthesiscited by 166
- 2020SceneFormer: Indoor Scene Generation with Transformerscited by 158
- 2024Infinigen Indoors: Photorealistic Indoor Scenes using Procedural Generationcited by 137
- 2019LayoutVAE: Stochastic Scene Layout Generation From a Label Setcited by 119
19 more
- 2024RealmDreamer: Text-Driven 3D Scene Generation with Inpainting and Depth Diffusioncited by 109
- 20233D-GPT: Procedural 3D Modeling with Large Language Modelscited by 95
- 2021Graph-to-3D: End-to-End Generation and Manipulation of 3D Scenes Using Scene Graphscited by 84
- 2024BlockFusion: Expandable 3D Scene Generation using Latent Tri-plane Extrapolationcited by 83
- 2023AnyHome: Open-Vocabulary Generation of Structured and Textured 3D Homescited by 82
- 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenescited by 58
- 2023RoomDreamer: Text-Driven 3D Indoor Scene Synthesis with Coherent Geometry and Texturecited by 53
- 2024Open-Universe Indoor Scene Generation using LLM Program Synthesis and Uncurated Object Databasescited by 45
- 2023Text2Immersion: Generative Immersive Scene with 3D Gaussianscited by 43
- 20223D-Aware Indoor Scene Synthesis with Depth Priorscited by 32
- 2021Scene Synthesis via Uncertainty-Driven Attribute Synchronizationcited by 29
- 2021Indoor Scene Generation from a Collection of Semantic-Segmented Depth Imagescited by 27
- 2025FlairGPT: Repurposing LLMs for Interior Designscited by 24
- 2023ShapeCoder: Discovering Abstractions for Visual Programs from Unstructured Primitivescited by 23
- 2023DiffInDScene: Diffusion-based High-Quality 3D Indoor Scene Generationcited by 23
- 2017SceneSeer: 3D Scene Design with Natural Languagecited by 21
- 2021Plan2Scene: Converting Floorplans to 3D Scenescited by 17
- 2023Towards Language-guided Interactive 3D Generation: LLMs as Layout Interpreter with Generative Feedbackcited by 17
- 2024HouseCrafter: Lifting Floorplans to 3D Scenes with 2D Diffusion Modelcited by 9
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 5.
6 papers.
- 2026Code as Agent Harnesscited by 47
- 2025Simulating the Visual World with Artificial Intelligence: A Roadmapcited by 15
- 2026Pair2Scene: Learning Local Object Relations for Procedural Scene Generationcited by 1
- 20263D Generation for Embodied AI and Robotic Simulation: A Surveycited by 1
- 2026Thinking with Patterns: Breaking the Perceptual Bottleneck in Visual Planning via Pattern Inductioncited by 0
- 2026SceneMosaic: Efficient and Diverse Simulation-Ready Scene Generation via Hybrid Agentic Layout Evolutioncited by 0
- 2026SceneMosaic: Efficient and Diverse Simulation-Ready Scene Generation via Hybrid Agentic Layout Evolution4 Sep 2026
- 2026Code as Agent Harness18 May 2026
- 2026Thinking with Patterns: Breaking the Perceptual Bottleneck in Visual Planning via Pattern Induction16 May 2026
- 20263D Generation for Embodied AI and Robotic Simulation: A Survey29 Apr 2026
- 2026Pair2Scene: Learning Local Object Relations for Procedural Scene Generation13 Apr 2026
- 2025Simulating the Visual World with Artificial Intelligence: A Roadmap11 Nov 2025