fev-bench: A Realistic Benchmark for Time Series Forecasting
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Benchmark quality is critical for meaningful evaluation and sustained progress in time series forecasting, particularly with the rise of pretrained models. Existing benchmarks often have limited domain coverage or overlook real-world settings such as tasks with covariates. Their aggregation procedures frequently lack statistical rigor, making it unclear whether observed performance differences reflect true improvements or random variation. Many benchmarks lack consistent evaluation infrastructure or are too rigid for integration into existing pipelines. To address these gaps, we propose fev-bench, a benchmark of 100 forecasting tasks across seven domains, including 46 with covariates. Supporting the benchmark, we introduce fev, a lightweight Python library for forecasting evaluation emphasizing reproducibility and integration with existing workflows. Using fev, fev-bench employs principled aggregation with bootstrapped confidence intervals to report performance along two dimensions: win rates and skill scores. We report results on fev-bench for pretrained, statistical, and baseline models and identify promising future research directions.
Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2025.
Builds on
33 of 84 references.
References · 33
- 2022A Time Series is Worth 64 Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformerscited by 2,039
- 2021Autoformer: Decomposition Transformers with Auto-Correlation for Long-Term Series Forecastingcited by 1,676
- 2022Are Transformers Effective for Time Series Forecasting?cited by 1,424
- 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,184
- 2017DeepAR: Probabilistic Forecasting with Autoregressive Recurrent Networkscited by 1,013
- 2017Modeling Long- and Short-Term Temporal Patterns with Deep Neural Networkscited by 879
- 2019Temporal Fusion Transformers for Interpretable Multi-horizon Time Series Forecastingcited by 761
- 2024Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Seriescited by 759
- 2023A decoder-only foundation model for time-series forecastingcited by 692
- 2024Unified Training of Universal Time Series Forecasting Transformerscited by 614
- 2021Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processingcited by 530
- 2021Monash Time Series Forecasting Archivecited by 267
21 more
- 2024TFB: Towards Comprehensive and Fair Benchmarking of Time Series Forecasting Methodscited by 249
- 2024GIFT-Eval: A Benchmark For General Time Series Forecasting Model Evaluationcited by 212
- 2025Sundial: A Family of Highly Capable Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 180
- 2025TabArena: A Living Benchmark for Machine Learning on Tabular Datacited by 176
- 2025TiRex: Zero-Shot Forecasting Across Long and Short Horizons with Enhanced In-Context Learningcited by 120
- 2023Exploring Progress in Multivariate Time Series Forecasting: Comprehensive Benchmarking and Heterogeneity Analysiscited by 117
- 2020Forecasting day-ahead electricity prices: A review of state-of-the-art algorithms, best practices and an open-access benchmarkcited by 108
- 2019sktime: A Unified Interface for Machine Learning with Time Seriescited by 102
- 2021Darts: User-Friendly Modern Machine Learning for Time Seriescited by 91
- 2024TSFM-Bench: A Comprehensive and Unified Benchmark of Foundation Models for Time Series Forecastingcited by 58
- 2020Kaggle forecasting competitions: An overlooked learning opportunitycited by 56
- 2022Forecast Evaluation for Data Scientists: Common Pitfalls and Best Practicescited by 55
- 2023AutoGluon-TimeSeries: AutoML for Probabilistic Time Series Forecastingcited by 36
- 2023ProbTS: Benchmarking Point and Distributional Forecasting across Diverse Prediction Horizonscited by 36
- 2020A machine learning approach for forecasting hierarchical time seriescited by 29
- 2025ChronosX: Adapting Pretrained Time Series Models with Exogenous Variablescited by 23
- 2023LibCity: A Unified Library Towards Efficient and Comprehensive Urban Spatial-Temporal Predictioncited by 20
- 2023AutoMixer for Improved Multivariate Time-Series Forecasting on Business and IT Observability Datacited by 17
- 2024Cherry-Picking in Time Series Forecasting: How to Select Datasets to Make Your Model Shinecited by 10
- 2023Bridging AI and Energy Forecasting: An Autonomous Workflow with Customized Toolkitcited by 7
- 2022HERMES: Hybrid Error-corrector Model with inclusion of External Signals for nonstationary fashion time seriescited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 58.
64 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025Chronos-2: From Univariate to Universal Forecastingcited by 194
- 2025Moirai 2.0: When Less Is More for Time Series Forecastingcited by 69
- 2026It's TIME: Towards the Next Generation of Time Series Forecasting Benchmarkscited by 33
- 2026Beyond IID: How General Are Tabular Foundation Models, Really?cited by 20
- 2025TempoPFN: Synthetic Pre-training of Linear RNNs for Zero-shot Time Series Forecastingcited by 17
- 2026TabPFN-3: Technical Reportcited by 17
- 2025Rethinking Evaluation in the Era of Time Series Foundation Models: (Un)known Information Leakage Challengescited by 16
- 2026TiRex-2: Generalizing TiRex to Multivariate Data and Streamingcited by 13
- 2026Falcon-X: A Time Series Foundation Model for Heterogeneous Multivariate Modelingcited by 10
- 2026Learning the Context of Errors: Black-Box Online Adaptation of Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 9
- 2026Position: Universal Time Series Foundation Models Rest on a Category Errorcited by 4
- 2026Impermanent: A Live Benchmark for Temporal Generalization in Time Series Forecastingcited by 4
38 more
- 2026Baguan-TS: A Sequence-Native In-Context Learning Model for Time Series Forecasting with Covariatescited by 4
- 2026TS-ICL: A Flexible Time-Indexed Foundation Model for Time Series via In-Context Learningcited by 4
- 2026Post-Training in Time Series Foundation Models: A Unifying Frameworkcited by 3
- 2026Into the ORBIT for Time Series: Training Regimes for Foundation Modelscited by 3
- 2026Time-Aware Prior Fitted Networks for Zero-Shot Forecasting with Exogenous Variablescited by 2
- 2026A Foundation Model for Instruction-Conditioned In-Context Time Series Taskscited by 2
- 2026MulTaBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Tabular Learning with Text and Imagecited by 2
- 2026Investigating simple target-covariate relationships for Chronos-2 and TabPFN-TScited by 2
- 2026CITRAS-FM: Tiny Time Series Foundation Model for Covariate-Informed Zero-Shot Forecastingcited by 2
- 2026OpenMHC: Accelerating the Science of Wearable Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2026WPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Wind Power Forecastingcited by 2
- 2026t0: A Time-Series Foundation Model for Forecasting with Contextcited by 2
- 2025Time Series Foundation Models for Process Model Forecastingcited by 1
- 2026DiTS: Multimodal Diffusion Transformers Are Time Series Forecasterscited by 1
- 2026EIDOS: Latent-Space Predictive Learning for Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026Energy-Arena: A Dynamic Benchmark for Operational Energy Forecastingcited by 1
- 2026Heterogeneous Scientific Foundation Model Collaborationcited by 1
- 2026AME-TS: Anchored Mixture-of-Experts for Time Series Forecastingcited by 1
- 2026Model selection with proper scoring rules on data sets of time series: prefer the mean scaled scorecited by 1
- 2026Evaluating Time Series Foundation Models for Electricity Price Forecasting: Contamination Risk, Distributional Shifts, and Covariate Dependencecited by 1
- 2026RMISC: A Large-scale Real-world Multivariate Corpus for Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026TinyCast: Probabilistic Zero-Shot Forecasting with Computed Periodicitycited by 1
- 2026Tabby: An Open Pretraining Recipe for Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2025Position: Current Benchmarking Hinders Real Progress in Deep Learning for Time Series Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Signature-Kernel Based Evaluation Metrics for Robust Probabilistic and Tail-Event Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Position: State-of-the-Art Claims Require State-of-the-Art Evidencecited by 0
- 2026Does Normalization Choice Matter for Causal Large Time-Series Models?cited by 0
- 2026TS-Fault: Benchmarking Time Series Forecasters Against Structural Faultscited by 0
- 2026From Forecasting Leaderboards to Deployment Decisions: A Fail-Closed Certification Protocolcited by 0
- 2026Unified Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasting: A Darts Foundationcited by 0
- 2026CLaST: Context-aware Contrastive VAE for Probabilistic Time Series Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Assessing Covariate-Informed Grid Load Forecasting with a Time-Series Foundation Modelcited by 0
- 2026A Later Test Set Is Not a New Domain: Pretraining Familiarity Survives a Contamination-Free Hold-Outcited by 0
- 2026Beyond Average Error through Oracle-Informed Stress Tests for Time-Series Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Interweaving Marginals into Multivariate Sample Paths: Training-Free Dependence Construction for Probabilistic Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026EXAONE Demand 1.0: A Time Series Foundation Model for Demand Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Aurora-X: Built for Extreme Time Series Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026STRIDE: State-Transition Representation via Increment Dynamics and Evolutioncited by 0
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026IND-Eval: Aligning Evaluation and Simulation for Industrial Time Series Foundation Models12 Oct 2026
- 2026On the Encoding of Calendar Features in Covariate-Informed Time Series Foundation Models9 Oct 2026
- 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Charging in a Time-varying Hierarchical Infrastructure9 Oct 2026
- 2026Timer-M1: A Multivariate Time Series Foundation Model via Learning Primitives8 Oct 2026
- 2026RideBench: A Large-Scale Exogenous-Aware Benchmark for Ride-Hailing Time Series Forecasting8 Oct 2026
- 2026What Does an Observability Foundation Model Know?4 Oct 2026
- 2026A Unified Scaling Law for Time Series Foundation Models4 Oct 2026
- 2026TimeNet: An Extensible Unified Data Infrastructure for Next-Generation Temporal Foundation Models3 Oct 2026
- 2026ML-OPF-Bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning for Optimal Power Flow3 Oct 2026
- 2026Time Series Forecasting Benchmarks Need Scenario-Grounded Stress Testing2 Oct 2026
- 2026Foundations without Fundamentals: Zero-Shot Blind Spots in Time Series FMs1 Oct 2026
- 2026The Nixtlaverse: An Open-Source Ecosystem for Forecasting30 Sep 2026
38 more
- 2026Latent Inference-Time Guidance of Time Series Foundation Models29 Sep 2026
- 2026JudgeCast: Time Series Forecasting with Experience-Informed Covariate Judgements29 Sep 2026
- 2026STRIDE: State-Transition Representation via Increment Dynamics and Evolution26 Sep 2026
- 2026Aurora-X: Built for Extreme Time Series Forecasting25 Sep 2026
- 2026EXAONE Demand 1.0: A Time Series Foundation Model for Demand Forecasting25 Sep 2026
- 2026Interweaving Marginals into Multivariate Sample Paths: Training-Free Dependence Construction for Probabilistic Time Series Foundation Models22 Sep 2026
- 2026t0: A Time-Series Foundation Model for Forecasting with Context21 Sep 2026
- 2026WPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Wind Power Forecasting21 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Average Error through Oracle-Informed Stress Tests for Time-Series Forecasting19 Sep 2026
- 2026Tabby: An Open Pretraining Recipe for Time Series Foundation Models12 Sep 2026
- 2026A Later Test Set Is Not a New Domain: Pretraining Familiarity Survives a Contamination-Free Hold-Out9 Sep 2026
- 2026Assessing Covariate-Informed Grid Load Forecasting with a Time-Series Foundation Model6 Sep 2026
- 2026CLaST: Context-aware Contrastive VAE for Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting20 Aug 2026
- 2026TinyCast: Probabilistic Zero-Shot Forecasting with Computed Periodicity16 Aug 2026
- 2026Into the ORBIT for Time Series: Training Regimes for Foundation Models13 Aug 2026
- 2026Post-Training in Time Series Foundation Models: A Unifying Framework22 Jul 2026
- 2026RMISC: A Large-scale Real-world Multivariate Corpus for Time Series Foundation Models7 Jul 2026
- 2026Evaluating Time Series Foundation Models for Electricity Price Forecasting: Contamination Risk, Distributional Shifts, and Covariate Dependence2 Jul 2026
- 2026TiRex-2: Generalizing TiRex to Multivariate Data and Streaming1 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond IID: How General Are Tabular Foundation Models, Really?29 Jun 2026
- 2026OpenMHC: Accelerating the Science of Wearable Foundation Models25 Jun 2026
- 2026Unified Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasting: A Darts Foundation25 Jun 2026
- 2026From Forecasting Leaderboards to Deployment Decisions: A Fail-Closed Certification Protocol23 Jun 2026
- 2026Model selection with proper scoring rules on data sets of time series: prefer the mean scaled score23 Jun 2026
- 2026TS-Fault: Benchmarking Time Series Forecasters Against Structural Faults16 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning the Context of Errors: Black-Box Online Adaptation of Time Series Foundation Models12 Jun 2026
- 2026CITRAS-FM: Tiny Time Series Foundation Model for Covariate-Informed Zero-Shot Forecasting9 Jun 2026
- 2026Does Normalization Choice Matter for Causal Large Time-Series Models?8 Jun 2026
- 2026TS-ICL: A Flexible Time-Indexed Foundation Model for Time Series via In-Context Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Falcon-X: A Time Series Foundation Model for Heterogeneous Multivariate Modeling26 May 2026
- 2026AME-TS: Anchored Mixture-of-Experts for Time Series Forecasting24 May 2026
- 2026Position: State-of-the-Art Claims Require State-of-the-Art Evidence17 May 2026
- 2026TabPFN-3: Technical Report13 May 2026
- 2026Investigating simple target-covariate relationships for Chronos-2 and TabPFN-TS12 May 2026
- 2026MulTaBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Tabular Learning with Text and Image11 May 2026
- 2026Heterogeneous Scientific Foundation Model Collaboration30 Apr 2026
- 2026Energy-Arena: A Dynamic Benchmark for Operational Energy Forecasting27 Apr 2026
- 2026A Foundation Model for Instruction-Conditioned In-Context Time Series Tasks23 Mar 2026
50 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026Heterogeneous Scientific Foundation Model Collaborationcited by 1
- 2026Heterogeneous Scientific Foundation Model Collaboration30 Apr 2026
- 2026What Does an Observability Foundation Model Know?cited by 0
- 2026What Does an Observability Foundation Model Know?4 Oct 2026
- 2025Chronos-2: From Univariate to Universal Forecastingcited by 194
- 2025Moirai 2.0: When Less Is More for Time Series Forecastingcited by 69
- 2026It's TIME: Towards the Next Generation of Time Series Forecasting Benchmarkscited by 33
- 2026Beyond IID: How General Are Tabular Foundation Models, Really?cited by 20
- 2025TempoPFN: Synthetic Pre-training of Linear RNNs for Zero-shot Time Series Forecastingcited by 17
- 2026TabPFN-3: Technical Reportcited by 17
- 2026TiRex-2: Generalizing TiRex to Multivariate Data and Streamingcited by 13
- 2026Falcon-X: A Time Series Foundation Model for Heterogeneous Multivariate Modelingcited by 10
- 2026Learning the Context of Errors: Black-Box Online Adaptation of Time Series Foundation Modelscited by 9
- 2026Position: Universal Time Series Foundation Models Rest on a Category Errorcited by 4
- 2026Impermanent: A Live Benchmark for Temporal Generalization in Time Series Forecastingcited by 4
- 2026Baguan-TS: A Sequence-Native In-Context Learning Model for Time Series Forecasting with Covariatescited by 4
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026IND-Eval: Aligning Evaluation and Simulation for Industrial Time Series Foundation Models12 Oct 2026
- 2026On the Encoding of Calendar Features in Covariate-Informed Time Series Foundation Models9 Oct 2026
- 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Charging in a Time-varying Hierarchical Infrastructure9 Oct 2026
- 2026Timer-M1: A Multivariate Time Series Foundation Model via Learning Primitives8 Oct 2026
- 2026RideBench: A Large-Scale Exogenous-Aware Benchmark for Ride-Hailing Time Series Forecasting8 Oct 2026
- 2026A Unified Scaling Law for Time Series Foundation Models4 Oct 2026
- 2026TimeNet: An Extensible Unified Data Infrastructure for Next-Generation Temporal Foundation Models3 Oct 2026
- 2026ML-OPF-Bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning for Optimal Power Flow3 Oct 2026
- 2026Time Series Forecasting Benchmarks Need Scenario-Grounded Stress Testing2 Oct 2026
- 2026Foundations without Fundamentals: Zero-Shot Blind Spots in Time Series FMs1 Oct 2026
- 2026The Nixtlaverse: An Open-Source Ecosystem for Forecasting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Latent Inference-Time Guidance of Time Series Foundation Models29 Sep 2026
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)