Adapting a World Model for Trajectory Following in a 3D Game
On the map: World models → Video-generation world models and simulators
Abstract (arXiv)
Imitation learning is a powerful tool for training agents by leveraging expert knowledge, and being able to replicate a given trajectory is an integral part of it. In complex environments, like modern 3D video games, distribution shift and stochasticity necessitate robust approaches beyond simple action replay. In this study, we apply Inverse Dynamics Models (IDM) with different encoders and policy heads to trajectory following in a modern 3D video game -- Bleeding Edge. Additionally, we investigate several future alignment strategies that address the distribution shift caused by the aleatoric uncertainty and imperfections of the agent. We measure both the trajectory deviation distance and the first significant deviation point between the reference and the agent's trajectory and show that the optimal configuration depends on the chosen setting. Our results show that in a diverse data setting, a GPT-style policy head with an encoder trained from scratch performs the best, DINOv2 encoder with the GPT-style policy head gives the best results in the low data regime, and both GPT-style and MLP-style policy heads had comparable results when pre-trained on a diverse setting and fine-tuned for a specific behaviour setting.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Video-generation world models and simulators, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 20 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2025.
Builds on
20 of 30 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Diffusion Models Are Real-Time Game Engines27 Aug
- 2024Genie: Generative Interactive Environments23 Feb
Other references · 18
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,974
- 2022A ConvNet for the 2020scited by 3,579
- 2016Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 1,597
- 2019Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,103
- 2018Recurrent World Models Facilitate Policy Evolutioncited by 785
- 2018Behavioral Cloning from Observationcited by 492
- 2021Implicit Behavioral Cloningcited by 452
- 2022Transformers are Sample-Efficient World Modelscited by 328
- 2024Diffusion for World Modeling: Visual Details Matter in Ataricited by 300
- 2023Imitating Human Behaviour with Diffusion Modelscited by 263
- 2021Counter-Strike Deathmatch with Large-Scale Behavioural Cloningcited by 50
- 2019Imitation Learning from Observations by Minimizing Inverse Dynamics Disagreementcited by 46
6 more
- 2022Guaranteed Discovery of Control-Endogenous Latent States with Multi-Step Inverse Modelscited by 45
- 2020Planning from Pixels using Inverse Dynamics Modelscited by 36
- 2019RIDM: Reinforced Inverse Dynamics Modeling for Learning from a Single Observed Demonstrationcited by 19
- 2020Benchmarking End-to-End Behavioural Cloning on Video Gamescited by 15
- 2022Learning General World Models in a Handful of Reward-Free Deploymentscited by 12
- 2024Aligning Agents like Large Language Modelscited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2025Reinforcement Learning with Inverse Rewards for World Model Post-trainingcited by 13
- 2025AirScape: An Aerial Generative World Model with Motion Controllabilitycited by 7
- 2025D2E: Scaling Vision-Action Pretraining on Desktop Data for Transfer to Embodied AIcited by 4
- 2026When Does Predictive Inverse Dynamics Outperform Behavior Cloning?cited by 3
- 2025Adapting Vision-Language Models for Evaluating World Modelscited by 1
- 2026When Does Predictive Inverse Dynamics Outperform Behavior Cloning?29 Jan 2026
- 2025D2E: Scaling Vision-Action Pretraining on Desktop Data for Transfer to Embodied AI7 Oct 2025
- 2025Reinforcement Learning with Inverse Rewards for World Model Post-training28 Sep 2025
- 2025AirScape: An Aerial Generative World Model with Motion Controllability10 Jul 2025
- 2025Adapting Vision-Language Models for Evaluating World Models22 Jun 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Augmentations for Robust and Efficient Imitation Learning in Streamed Video Games
- 2026Player-1: Learning to Play from Synthetic Experience
- 2018Imitation Learning with Concurrent Actions in 3D Games
- 2023DITTO: Offline Imitation Learning with World Models
- 2024Efficient Active Imitation Learning with Random Network Distillation
- 2024Zero-shot Imitation Policy via Search in Demonstration Dataset
- 2026WorldCam: Interactive Autoregressive 3D Gaming Worlds with Camera Pose as a Unifying Geometric Representation
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoom