Beyond the Destination: A Novel Benchmark for Exploration-Aware Embodied Question Answering
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Embodied Question Answering (EQA) is a challenging task in embodied intelligence that requires agents to dynamically explore 3D environments, actively gather visual information, and perform multi-step reasoning to answer questions. However, current EQA approaches suffer from critical limitations in exploration efficiency, dataset design, and evaluation metrics. Moreover, existing datasets often introduce biases or prior knowledge, leading to disembodied reasoning, while frontier-based exploration strategies struggle in cluttered environments and fail to ensure fine-grained exploration of task-relevant areas. To address these challenges, we construct the EXPloration-awaRe Embodied queStion anSwering Benchmark (EXPRESS-Bench), the largest dataset designed specifically to evaluate both exploration and reasoning capabilities. EXPRESS-Bench consists of 777 exploration trajectories and 2,044 question-trajectory pairs. To improve exploration efficiency, we propose Fine-EQA, a hybrid exploration model that integrates frontier-based and goal-oriented navigation to guide agents toward task-relevant regions more effectively. Additionally, we introduce a novel evaluation metric, Exploration-Answer Consistency (EAC), which ensures faithful assessment by measuring the alignment between answer grounding and exploration reliability. Extensive experimental comparisons with state-of-the-art EQA models demonstrate the effectiveness of our EXPRESS-Bench in advancing embodied exploration and question reasoning.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2025.
Builds on
30 of 45 references.
References · 30
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,588
- 2015VQA: Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,506
- 2023Mitigating Object Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models through Visual Contrastive Decodingcited by 688
- 2024Prismatic VLMs: Investigating the Design Space of Visually-Conditioned Language Modelscited by 339
- 2017Embodied Question Answeringcited by 336
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AIcited by 179
- 2024InstructNav: Zero-shot System for Generic Instruction Navigation in Unexplored Environmentcited by 157
- 2017IQA: Visual Question Answering in Interactive Environmentscited by 155
- 2023Towards Learning a Generalist Model for Embodied Navigationcited by 138
- 2023Discuss Before Moving: Visual Language Navigation via Multi-expert Discussionscited by 110
18 more
- 2019Embodied Question Answering in Photorealistic Environments with Point Cloud Perceptioncited by 103
- 2019Multi-Target Embodied Question Answeringcited by 74
- 2024Explore until Confident: Efficient Exploration for Embodied Question Answeringcited by 74
- 2024Towards Long-Horizon Vision-Language Navigation: Platform, Benchmark and Methodcited by 67
- 2022Cross-Modal Causal Relational Reasoning for Event-Level Visual Question Answeringcited by 57
- 2024GraphEQA: Using 3D Semantic Scene Graphs for Real-time Embodied Question Answeringcited by 37
- 2025CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Spacecited by 32
- 2021Knowledge-based Embodied Question Answeringcited by 29
- 2024Hal-Eval: A Universal and Fine-grained Hallucination Evaluation Framework for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 27
- 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 25
- 2023Dream2Real: Zero-Shot 3D Object Rearrangement with Vision-Language Modelscited by 16
- 2024EfficientEQA: An Efficient Approach to Open-Vocabulary Embodied Question Answeringcited by 15
- 2019VideoNavQA: Bridging the Gap between Visual and Embodied Question Answeringcited by 12
- 2025Cross-modal Causal Relation Alignment for Video Question Groundingcited by 12
- 2024NoisyEQA: Benchmarking Embodied Question Answering Against Noisy Queriescited by 10
- 2024Map-based Modular Approach for Zero-shot Embodied Question Answeringcited by 9
- 2025DSPNet: Dual-vision Scene Perception for Robust 3D Question Answeringcited by 9
- 2024RT-Grasp: Reasoning Tuning Robotic Grasping via Multi-modal Large Language Modelcited by 7
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 11; 2026: 19.
30 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2026ESI-Bench: Towards Embodied Spatial Intelligence that Closes the Perception-Action Loopcited by 26
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AIcited by 16
- 2025Enter the Mind Palace: Reasoning and Planning for Long-term Active Embodied Question Answeringcited by 14
- 2026Explore with Long-term Memory: A Benchmark and Multimodal LLM-based Reinforcement Learning Framework for Embodied Explorationcited by 13
- 2025Memory-Centric Embodied Question Answeringcited by 12
- 2026Qwen-RobotNav Technical Report: A Scalable Navigation Model Designed for an Agentic Navigation Systemcited by 11
- 2025When Robots Should Say "I Don't Know": Benchmarking Abstention in Embodied Question Answeringcited by 10
- 2025Toward Ambulatory Vision: Learning Visually-Grounded Active View Selectioncited by 6
- 2025Vision to Geometry: 3D Spatial Memory for Sequential Embodied MLLM Reasoning and Explorationcited by 5
- 2025PhysVLM-AVR: Active Visual Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models in Physical Environmentscited by 4
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning for Embodied Question Answering via Tool Augmentationcited by 3
- 2026HIMM: Human-Inspired Long-Term Memory Modeling for Embodied Exploration and Question Answeringcited by 3
18 more
- 2026E3VS-Bench: A Benchmark for Viewpoint-Dependent Active Perception in 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 3
- 2026World Models as Group Actionscited by 3
- 2025MM-OPERA: Benchmarking Open-ended Association Reasoning for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Prune-Then-Plan: Step-Level Calibration for Stable Frontier Exploration in Embodied Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026LIME: Learning Intent-aware Camera Motion from Egocentric Videocited by 2
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perceptioncited by 2
- 2025SpatialReasoner: Active Perception for Large-Scale 3D Scene Understandingcited by 1
- 2026Memory-Guided View Refinement for Dynamic Human-in-the-loop EQAcited by 1
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrievalcited by 1
- 2026PhyScene3D: Physically Consistent Interactive 3D Tabletop Scene Generationcited by 1
- 2026ScoutVLA: UAV-Centric Active Perception via a Dual-Expert VLA Model for Open-World Embodied Question Answeringcited by 1
- 2026ObsGraph: Hierarchical Observation Representation for Embodied Reasoning and Explorationcited by 1
- 2026EG-VQA: Benchmarking Verifiable Video Question Answering with Grounded Temporal Evidencecited by 1
- 2026Scaffolding Foundation Models into Physical-World Agents Pushes the Frontier of Long-Horizon Navigationcited by 1
- 2026Budget-Constrained Embodied Perception: Four Resource Walls and a Pre-Registered Evaluation of Access-Structured Perception on Open Models at less than 31Bcited by 0
- 2026Defining AI Agents: A Compendium of Criteria, Metrics, and Benchmarkscited by 0
- 2026SafeVantage: Vantage-Aware Memory for Reliable Embodied Decisionscited by 0
- 2026MemAct: Streaming Spatial Understanding with Memory and Active Explorationcited by 0
- 2026MemAct: Streaming Spatial Understanding with Memory and Active Exploration13 Oct 2026
- 2026SafeVantage: Vantage-Aware Memory for Reliable Embodied Decisions29 Sep 2026
- 2026Defining AI Agents: A Compendium of Criteria, Metrics, and Benchmarks10 Sep 2026
- 2026Scaffolding Foundation Models into Physical-World Agents Pushes the Frontier of Long-Horizon Navigation31 Aug 2026
- 2026Budget-Constrained Embodied Perception: Four Resource Walls and a Pre-Registered Evaluation of Access-Structured Perception on Open Models at less than 31B24 Aug 2026
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perception11 Jul 2026
- 2026LIME: Learning Intent-aware Camera Motion from Egocentric Video2 Jul 2026
- 2026EG-VQA: Benchmarking Verifiable Video Question Answering with Grounded Temporal Evidence23 Jun 2026
- 2026ObsGraph: Hierarchical Observation Representation for Embodied Reasoning and Exploration23 Jun 2026
- 2026Qwen-RobotNav Technical Report: A Scalable Navigation Model Designed for an Agentic Navigation System16 Jun 2026
- 2026ScoutVLA: UAV-Centric Active Perception via a Dual-Expert VLA Model for Open-World Embodied Question Answering9 Jun 2026
- 2026PhyScene3D: Physically Consistent Interactive 3D Tabletop Scene Generation1 Jun 2026
18 more
- 2026World Models as Group Actions23 May 2026
- 2026ESI-Bench: Towards Embodied Spatial Intelligence that Closes the Perception-Action Loop18 May 2026
- 2026E3VS-Bench: A Benchmark for Viewpoint-Dependent Active Perception in 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenes20 Apr 2026
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrieval15 Mar 2026
- 2026Memory-Guided View Refinement for Dynamic Human-in-the-loop EQA10 Mar 2026
- 2026HIMM: Human-Inspired Long-Term Memory Modeling for Embodied Exploration and Question Answering17 Feb 2026
- 2026Explore with Long-term Memory: A Benchmark and Multimodal LLM-based Reinforcement Learning Framework for Embodied Exploration11 Jan 2026
- 2025Toward Ambulatory Vision: Learning Visually-Grounded Active View Selection15 Dec 2025
- 2025When Robots Should Say "I Don't Know": Benchmarking Abstention in Embodied Question Answering4 Dec 2025
- 2025SpatialReasoner: Active Perception for Large-Scale 3D Scene Understanding2 Dec 2025
- 2025Vision to Geometry: 3D Spatial Memory for Sequential Embodied MLLM Reasoning and Exploration2 Dec 2025
- 2025Prune-Then-Plan: Step-Level Calibration for Stable Frontier Exploration in Embodied Question Answering24 Nov 2025
- 2025MM-OPERA: Benchmarking Open-ended Association Reasoning for Large Vision-Language Models30 Oct 2025
- 2025PhysVLM-AVR: Active Visual Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models in Physical Environments24 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning for Embodied Question Answering via Tool Augmentation23 Oct 2025
- 2025Enter the Mind Palace: Reasoning and Planning for Long-term Active Embodied Question Answering17 Jul 2025
- 2025Memory-Centric Embodied Question Answering20 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AI1 May 2025
- 2025Vision to Geometry: 3D Spatial Memory for Sequential Embodied MLLM Reasoning and Explorationcited by 5
- 2025PhysVLM-AVR: Active Visual Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models in Physical Environmentscited by 4
- 2025MM-OPERA: Benchmarking Open-ended Association Reasoning for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025SpatialReasoner: Active Perception for Large-Scale 3D Scene Understandingcited by 1
- 2025SpatialReasoner: Active Perception for Large-Scale 3D Scene Understanding2 Dec 2025
- 2025Vision to Geometry: 3D Spatial Memory for Sequential Embodied MLLM Reasoning and Exploration2 Dec 2025
- 2025MM-OPERA: Benchmarking Open-ended Association Reasoning for Large Vision-Language Models30 Oct 2025
- 2025PhysVLM-AVR: Active Visual Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models in Physical Environments24 Oct 2025
- 2026Explore with Long-term Memory: A Benchmark and Multimodal LLM-based Reinforcement Learning Framework for Embodied Explorationcited by 13
- 2025Toward Ambulatory Vision: Learning Visually-Grounded Active View Selectioncited by 6
- 2026HIMM: Human-Inspired Long-Term Memory Modeling for Embodied Exploration and Question Answeringcited by 3
- 2025Prune-Then-Plan: Step-Level Calibration for Stable Frontier Exploration in Embodied Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026HIMM: Human-Inspired Long-Term Memory Modeling for Embodied Exploration and Question Answering17 Feb 2026
- 2026Explore with Long-term Memory: A Benchmark and Multimodal LLM-based Reinforcement Learning Framework for Embodied Exploration11 Jan 2026
- 2025Toward Ambulatory Vision: Learning Visually-Grounded Active View Selection15 Dec 2025
- 2025Prune-Then-Plan: Step-Level Calibration for Stable Frontier Exploration in Embodied Question Answering24 Nov 2025
- 2026World Models as Group Actionscited by 3
- 2026World Models as Group Actions23 May 2026
- 2026ESI-Bench: Towards Embodied Spatial Intelligence that Closes the Perception-Action Loopcited by 26
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AIcited by 16
- 2025Enter the Mind Palace: Reasoning and Planning for Long-term Active Embodied Question Answeringcited by 14
- 2025Memory-Centric Embodied Question Answeringcited by 12
- 2025When Robots Should Say "I Don't Know": Benchmarking Abstention in Embodied Question Answeringcited by 10
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning for Embodied Question Answering via Tool Augmentationcited by 3
- 2026E3VS-Bench: A Benchmark for Viewpoint-Dependent Active Perception in 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 3
- 2026LIME: Learning Intent-aware Camera Motion from Egocentric Videocited by 2
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perceptioncited by 2
- 2026Memory-Guided View Refinement for Dynamic Human-in-the-loop EQAcited by 1
- 2026RenderMem: Rendering as Spatial Memory Retrievalcited by 1
- 2026PhyScene3D: Physically Consistent Interactive 3D Tabletop Scene Generationcited by 1
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026MemAct: Streaming Spatial Understanding with Memory and Active Exploration13 Oct 2026
- 2026SafeVantage: Vantage-Aware Memory for Reliable Embodied Decisions29 Sep 2026
- 2026Defining AI Agents: A Compendium of Criteria, Metrics, and Benchmarks10 Sep 2026
- 2026Budget-Constrained Embodied Perception: Four Resource Walls and a Pre-Registered Evaluation of Access-Structured Perception on Open Models at less than 31B24 Aug 2026
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perception11 Jul 2026
- 2026LIME: Learning Intent-aware Camera Motion from Egocentric Video2 Jul 2026
- 2026EG-VQA: Benchmarking Verifiable Video Question Answering with Grounded Temporal Evidence23 Jun 2026
- 2026ObsGraph: Hierarchical Observation Representation for Embodied Reasoning and Exploration23 Jun 2026
- 2026ScoutVLA: UAV-Centric Active Perception via a Dual-Expert VLA Model for Open-World Embodied Question Answering9 Jun 2026
- 2026PhyScene3D: Physically Consistent Interactive 3D Tabletop Scene Generation1 Jun 2026
- 2026ESI-Bench: Towards Embodied Spatial Intelligence that Closes the Perception-Action Loop18 May 2026
- 2026E3VS-Bench: A Benchmark for Viewpoint-Dependent Active Perception in 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenes20 Apr 2026
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026FAST-EQA: Efficient Embodied Question Answering with Global and Local Region Relevancy
- 2026Extending Embodied Question Answering from Perception to Decision
- 2026Hierarchical Floorplan-Guided Vision-Language Exploration for Embodied Question Answering ↗
- 2026ERQA-Plus: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Reasoning in Embodied AI
- 2025ConEQsA: Concurrent and Asynchronous Embodied Questions Scheduling and Answering
- 2025EQA-RM: A Generative Embodied Reward Model with Test-time Scaling
- 2022SQA3D: Situated Question Answering in 3D Scenes
- 2026Semantic Flip: Synthetic OOD Generation for Robust Refusal in Embodied Question Answering and Spatial Localization