mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

All Languages Matter: Evaluating LMMs on Culturally Diverse 100 Languages

arXiv 2411.16508 ↗First posted 25 Nov 2024cs.CV cs.CLcited by 55

On the map: World models → World models for language agents

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) generally focus on only a few regions and languages. As LMMs continue to improve, it is increasingly important to ensure they understand cultural contexts, respect local sensitivities, and support low-resource languages, all while effectively integrating corresponding visual cues. In pursuit of culturally diverse global multimodal models, our proposed All Languages Matter Benchmark (ALM-bench) represents the largest and most comprehensive effort to date for evaluating LMMs across 100 languages. ALM-bench challenges existing models by testing their ability to understand and reason about culturally diverse images paired with text in various languages, including many low-resource languages traditionally underrepresented in LMM research. The benchmark offers a robust and nuanced evaluation framework featuring various question formats, including true/false, multiple choice, and open-ended questions, which are further divided into short and long-answer categories. ALM-bench design ensures a comprehensive assessment of a model's ability to handle varied levels of difficulty in visual and linguistic reasoning. To capture the rich tapestry of global cultures, ALM-bench carefully curates content from 13 distinct cultural aspects, ranging from traditions and rituals to famous personalities and celebrations. Through this, ALM-bench not only provides a rigorous testing ground for state-of-the-art open and closed-source LMMs but also highlights the importance of cultural and linguistic inclusivity, encouraging the development of models that can serve diverse global populations effectively. Our benchmark is publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in World models for language agents, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 43 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2024.

Builds on

43 of 51 references.

References · 43

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 32; 2026: 21.

55 papers.

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  1. 2025TRiSM for Agentic AI: A Review of Trust, Risk, and Security Management in LLM-based Agentic Multi-Agent Systemscited by 58
  2. 2025Localized Cultural Knowledge is Conserved and Controllable in Large Language Modelscited by 19
  3. 2025HumaniBench: A Human-Centric Framework for Large Multimodal Models Evaluationcited by 19
  4. 2025Grounding Multilingual Multimodal LLMs With Cultural Knowledgecited by 16
  5. 2025BBQ-V: Benchmarking Visual Stereotype Bias in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 10
  6. 2025Time Travel: A Comprehensive Benchmark to Evaluate LMMs on Historical and Cultural Artifactscited by 10
  7. 2025Culture in Action: Evaluating Text-to-Image Models through Social Activitiescited by 9
  8. 2025VLDBench Evaluating Multimodal Disinformation with Regulatory Alignmentcited by 8
  9. 2025GAEA: A Geolocation Aware Conversational Assistantcited by 5
  10. 2025A Culturally-diverse Multilingual Multimodal Video Benchmark & Modelcited by 5
  11. 2025OASIS: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Culturally Grounded Spoken Visual QAcited by 5
  12. 2024Chumor 2.0: Towards Benchmarking Chinese Humor Understandingcited by 4
38 more
  1. 2025Benchmarking and Boosting Multilingual Capabilities of LVLMs via OCR-Centric Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
  2. 2025CaMMT: Benchmarking Culturally Aware Multimodal Machine Translationcited by 4
  3. 2025From Play to Replay: Composed Video Retrieval for Temporally Fine-Grained Videoscited by 4
  4. 2025CUS-QA: Local-Knowledge-Oriented Open-Ended Question Answering Datasetcited by 4
  5. 2025Isolating Culture Neurons in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
  6. 2025The Telephone Game: Evaluating Semantic Drift in Unified Modelscited by 4
  7. 2025MMA-ASIA: A Multilingual and Multimodal Alignment Framework for Culturally-Grounded Evaluationcited by 4
  8. 2025VisTW: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Traditional Chinese in Taiwancited by 3
  9. 2025Traveling Across Languages: Benchmarking Cross-Lingual Consistency in Multimodal LLMscited by 3
  10. 2025Let's Play Across Cultures: A Large Multilingual, Multicultural Benchmark for Assessing Language Models' Understanding of Sportscited by 3
  11. 2025World in a Frame: Understanding Culture Mixing as a New Challenge for Vision-Language Modelscited by 3
  12. 2025Benchmarking Vision Language Models on German Factual Datacited by 2
  13. 2025STROKEVISION-BENCH: A Multimodal Video And 2D Pose Benchmark For Tracking Stroke Recoverycited by 2
  14. 2025Culture In a Frame: C3B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Culturally Awarenesscited by 2
  15. 2025Vision Language Models are Confused Touristscited by 2
  16. 2026Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languagescited by 2
  17. 2026Learning to Share: Selective Memory for Efficient Parallel Agentic Systemscited by 2
  18. 2026Said Aloud, Read Different: Cross-Modal Instability in Multimodal Modelscited by 2
  19. 2025ScholarBench: A Bilingual Benchmark for Abstraction, Comprehension, and Reasoning Evaluation in Academic Contextscited by 1
  20. 2025LinguaMark: Do Multimodal Models Speak Fairly? A Benchmark-Based Evaluationcited by 1
  21. 2025Multilingual Vision-Language Models, A Surveycited by 1
  22. 2025Prompt Balance Matters: Understanding How Imbalanced Few-Shot Learning Affects Multilingual Sense Disambiguation in LLMscited by 1
  23. 2025TowerVision: Understanding and Improving Multilinguality in Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
  24. 2025ELR-1000: A Community-Generated Dataset for Endangered Indic Indigenous Languagescited by 1
  25. 2026MINERVA-Cultural: A Benchmark for Cultural and Multilingual Long Video Reasoningcited by 1
  26. 2026BURMESE-SAN: Burmese NLP Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 1
  27. 2026ValueGround: Evaluating Culture-Conditioned Visual Value Grounding in MLLMscited by 1
  28. 2024A Decade of Deep Learning: A Survey on The Magnificent Sevencited by 0
  29. 2026IndicFairFace: Balanced Indian Face Dataset for Auditing and Mitigating Geographical Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  30. 2026Synthetic Rewriting as a Quality Multiplier: Evidence from Portuguese Continued Pretrainingcited by 0
  31. 2026Do Multilingual VLMs Reason Equally? A Cross-Lingual Visual Reasoning Audit for Indian Languagescited by 0
  32. 2026MARCA: A Checklist-Based Benchmark for Multilingual Web Searchcited by 0
  33. 2026Toward LLMs Beyond English-Centric Developmentcited by 0
  34. 2026How Early Adopters Used Generative AI Worldwide: Variation by Country Income and Languagecited by 0
  35. 2026XLGoBench: Detecting cross-lingual skill gaps with algorithmic taskscited by 0
  36. 2026An Effective Router for Vision-Language Model Selectioncited by 0
  37. 2026ArtiFact: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal Cultural Heritage Datasetcited by 0
  38. 2026Not Truly Multilingual: Script Consistency as a Missing Dimension in VLM Evaluationcited by 0

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  2. 2025Kaleidoscope: In-language Exams for Massively Multilingual Vision Evaluation
  3. 2024M5 -- A Diverse Benchmark to Assess the Performance of Large Multimodal Models Across Multilingual and Multicultural Vision-Language Tasks
  4. 2026Many Dialects, Many Languages, One Cultural Lens: Evaluating Multilingual VLMs for Bengali Culture Understanding Across Historically Linked Languages and Regional Dialects
  5. 2025IndicVisionBench: Benchmarking Cultural and Multilingual Understanding in VLMs
  6. 2024CAMEL-Bench: A Comprehensive Arabic LMM Benchmark
  7. 2025GIMMICK -- Globally Inclusive Multimodal Multitask Cultural Knowledge Benchmarking
  8. 2025CultureVLM: Characterizing and Improving Cultural Understanding of Vision-Language Models for over 100 Countries