mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

CAMEL-Bench: A Comprehensive Arabic LMM Benchmark

arXiv 2410.18976 ↗First posted 24 Oct 2024cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 17

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent years have witnessed a significant interest in developing large multimodal models (LMMs) capable of performing various visual reasoning and understanding tasks. This has led to the introduction of multiple LMM benchmarks to evaluate LMMs on different tasks. However, most existing LMM evaluation benchmarks are predominantly English-centric. In this work, we develop a comprehensive LMM evaluation benchmark for the Arabic language to represent a large population of over 400 million speakers. The proposed benchmark, named CAMEL-Bench, comprises eight diverse domains and 38 sub-domains including, multi-image understanding, complex visual perception, handwritten document understanding, video understanding, medical imaging, plant diseases, and remote sensing-based land use understanding to evaluate broad scenario generalizability. Our CAMEL-Bench comprises around 29,036 questions that are filtered from a larger pool of samples, where the quality is manually verified by native speakers to ensure reliable model assessment. We conduct evaluations of both closed-source, including GPT-4 series, and open-source LMMs. Our analysis reveals the need for substantial improvement, especially among the best open-source models, with even the closed-source GPT-4o achieving an overall score of 62%. Our benchmark and evaluation scripts are open-sourced.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 33 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2024.

Builds on

33 of 53 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  2. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul
  3. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answering20 Sep
  4. 2022ChartQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering about Charts with Visual and Logical Reasoning19 Mar

Other references · 29

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,588
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,550
  3. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,827
  4. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,103
  5. 2022BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generationcited by 4,314
  6. 2023Qwen Technical Reportcited by 3,310
  7. 2023InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Taskscited by 2,546
  8. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,506
  9. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,057
  10. 2023Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 1,709
  11. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,637
  12. 2024BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceivecited by 534
17 more
  1. 2024MMMU-Pro: A More Robust Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmarkcited by 502
  2. 2021Unifying Vision-and-Language Tasks via Text Generationcited by 411
  3. 2023GeoChat: Grounded Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensingcited by 321
  4. 2021IconQA: A New Benchmark for Abstract Diagram Understanding and Visual Language Reasoningcited by 264
  5. 2019Visual Entailment: A Novel Task for Fine-Grained Image Understandingcited by 252
  6. 2023Teaching CLIP to Count to Tencited by 194
  7. 2024MMT-Bench: A Comprehensive Multimodal Benchmark for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models Towards Multitask AGIcited by 193
  8. 2024MuirBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Robust Multi-image Understandingcited by 180
  9. 2024CVQA: Culturally-diverse Multilingual Visual Question Answering Benchmarkcited by 120
  10. 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
  11. 2024ArabicMMLU: Assessing Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Arabiccited by 88
  12. 2023Jais and Jais-chat: Arabic-Centric Foundation and Instruction-Tuned Open Generative Large Language Modelscited by 69
  13. 2024Pangea: A Fully Open Multilingual Multimodal LLM for 39 Languagescited by 64
  14. 2024EXAMS-V: A Multi-Discipline Multilingual Multimodal Exam Benchmark for Evaluating Vision Language Modelscited by 41
  15. 2024Peacock: A Family of Arabic Multimodal Large Language Models and Benchmarkscited by 32
  16. 2024AgroGPT: Efficient Agricultural Vision-Language Model with Expert Tuningcited by 23
  17. 2024ArabicaQA: A Comprehensive Dataset for Arabic Question Answeringcited by 20

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 5.

17 papers.

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  1. 2025jina-embeddings-v4: Universal Embeddings for Multimodal Multilingual Retrievalcited by 72
  2. 2025PalmX 2025: The First Shared Task on Benchmarking LLMs on Arabic and Islamic Culturecited by 20
  3. 2025The Landscape of Arabic Large Language Models (ALLMs): A New Era for Arabic Language Technologycited by 12
  4. 2025Time Travel: A Comprehensive Benchmark to Evaluate LMMs on Historical and Cultural Artifactscited by 10
  5. 2025Evaluating Arabic Large Language Models: A Survey of Benchmarks, Methods, and Gapscited by 9
  6. 2025AIN: The Arabic INclusive Large Multimodal Modelcited by 8
  7. 2025Pearl: A Multimodal Culturally-Aware Arabic Instruction Datasetcited by 6
  8. 2025OASIS: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Culturally Grounded Spoken Visual QAcited by 5
  9. 2025Multi-Agent Interactive Question Generation Framework for Long Document Understandingcited by 4
  10. 2026ALPS: A Diagnostic Challenge Set for Arabic Linguistic & Pragmatic Reasoningcited by 1
  11. 2026Almieyar-Oryx-BloomBench: A Bilingual Multimodal Benchmark for Cognitively Informed Evaluation of Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
  12. 2025PsOCR: Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Optical Character Recognition in Low-resource Pashto Languagecited by 0
5 more
  1. 2025A-SEA3L-QA: A Fully Automated Self-Evolving, Adversarial Workflow for Arabic Long-Context Question-Answer Generationcited by 0
  2. 2025Beyond Understanding: Evaluating the Pragmatic Gap in LLMs' Cultural Processing of Figurative Languagecited by 0
  3. 2026DuwatBench: Bridging Language and Visual Heritage through an Arabic Calligraphy Benchmark for Multimodal Understandingcited by 0
  4. 2026Figurative and Cultural Knowledge in LLMs: Investigating Cross-Domain Transfer through Fine-Tuningcited by 0
  5. 2026ImageEval 2026: Culturally Grounded Arabic Multimodal Evaluationcited by 0

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  2. 2024All Languages Matter: Evaluating LMMs on Culturally Diverse 100 Languages
  3. 2025JEEM: Vision-Language Understanding in Four Arabic Dialects
  4. 2023Q-Bench: A Benchmark for General-Purpose Foundation Models on Low-level Vision
  5. 2024A Survey on Benchmarks of Multimodal Large Language Models
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