mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CVQA: Culturally-diverse Multilingual Visual Question Answering Benchmark

arXiv 2406.05967 ↗First posted 10 Jun 2024cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 118

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is an important task in multimodal AI, and it is often used to test the ability of vision-language models to understand and reason on knowledge present in both visual and textual data. However, most of the current VQA models use datasets that are primarily focused on English and a few major world languages, with images that are typically Western-centric. While recent efforts have tried to increase the number of languages covered on VQA datasets, they still lack diversity in low-resource languages. More importantly, although these datasets often extend their linguistic range via translation or some other approaches, they usually keep images the same, resulting in narrow cultural representation. To address these limitations, we construct CVQA, a new Culturally-diverse multilingual Visual Question Answering benchmark, designed to cover a rich set of languages and cultures, where we engage native speakers and cultural experts in the data collection process. As a result, CVQA includes culturally-driven images and questions from across 30 countries on four continents, covering 31 languages with 13 scripts, providing a total of 10k questions. We then benchmark several Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) on CVQA, and show that the dataset is challenging for the current state-of-the-art models. This benchmark can serve as a probing evaluation suite for assessing the cultural capability and bias of multimodal models and hopefully encourage more research efforts toward increasing cultural awareness and linguistic diversity in this field.

Key facts. Cited by 118 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 46 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2024.

Builds on

46 of 54 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  2. 2023mBLIP: Efficient Bootstrapping of Multilingual Vision-LLMs13 Jul

Other references · 44

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  4. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  5. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
  6. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
  7. 2023InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuningcited by 2,855
  8. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
  9. 2015VQA: Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,489
  10. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
  11. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
  12. 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,696
32 more
  1. 2015Microsoft COCO Captions: Data Collection and Evaluation Servercited by 1,447
  2. 2023LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Daycited by 1,287
  3. 2023MM-Vet: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilitiescited by 1,221
  4. 2019OK-VQA: A Visual Question Answering Benchmark Requiring External Knowledgecited by 1,114
  5. 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
  6. 2018VizWiz Grand Challenge: Answering Visual Questions from Blind Peoplecited by 852
  7. 2024GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Groundedcited by 547
  8. 2023Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectorscited by 454
  9. 2021InfographicVQAcited by 430
  10. 2015Visual7W: Grounded Question Answering in Imagescited by 315
  11. 2023Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questionscited by 249
  12. 2020Just Ask: Learning to Answer Questions from Millions of Narrated Videoscited by 248
  13. 2023Multimodal Foundation Models: From Specialists to General-Purpose Assistantscited by 247
  14. 2022Leveraging Large Language Models for Multiple Choice Question Answeringcited by 199
  15. 2021Visually Grounded Reasoning across Languages and Culturescited by 188
  16. 2024Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Surveycited by 166
  17. 2014A Multi-World Approach to Question Answering about Real-World Scenes based on Uncertain Inputcited by 112
  18. 2023SeaEval for Multilingual Foundation Models: From Cross-Lingual Alignment to Cultural Reasoningcited by 94
  19. 2024MTVQA: Benchmarking Multilingual Text-Centric Visual Question Answeringcited by 93
  20. 2021SUTD-TrafficQA: A Question Answering Benchmark and an Efficient Network for Video Reasoning over Traffic Eventscited by 84
  21. 2015Are You Talking to a Machine? Dataset and Methods for Multilingual Image Question Answeringcited by 80
  22. 2021xGQA: Cross-Lingual Visual Question Answeringcited by 72
  23. 2023SeeGULL: A Stereotype Benchmark with Broad Geo-Cultural Coverage Leveraging Generative Modelscited by 66
  24. 2015Ask Your Neurons: A Neural-based Approach to Answering Questions about Imagescited by 51
  25. 2023Multi-lingual and Multi-cultural Figurative Language Understandingcited by 47
  26. 2020AI4Bharat-IndicNLP Corpus: Monolingual Corpora and Word Embeddings for Indic Languagescited by 43
  27. 2022NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resourcescited by 38
  28. 2023COPAL-ID: Indonesian Language Reasoning with Local Culture and Nuancescited by 35
  29. 2023EtiCor: Corpus for Analyzing LLMs for Etiquettescited by 33
  30. 2023Global Voices, Local Biases: Socio-Cultural Prejudices across Languagescited by 23
  31. 2024Beyond Probabilities: Unveiling the Misalignment in Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 19
  32. 2023BHASA: A Holistic Southeast Asian Linguistic and Cultural Evaluation Suite for Large Language Modelscited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 19; 2025: 61; 2026: 38.

118 papers.

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  1. 2024Survey of Cultural Awareness in Language Models: Text and Beyondcited by 101
  2. 2024Benchmarking Vision Language Models for Cultural Understandingcited by 100
  3. 2024Pangea: A Fully Open Multilingual Multimodal LLM for 39 Languagescited by 63
  4. 2025Meta CLIP 2: A Worldwide Scaling Recipecited by 59
  5. 2024Do Vision-Language Models Represent Space and How? Evaluating Spatial Frame of Reference Under Ambiguitiescited by 58
  6. 2024All Languages Matter: Evaluating LMMs on Culturally Diverse 100 Languagescited by 55
  7. 2024A Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 46
  8. 2025CultureVLM: Characterizing and Improving Cultural Understanding of Vision-Language Models for over 100 Countriescited by 40
  9. 2024WorldCuisines: A Massive-Scale Benchmark for Multilingual and Multicultural Visual Question Answering on Global Cuisinescited by 39
  10. 2025M2IV: Towards Efficient and Fine-grained Multimodal In-Context Learning via Representation Engineeringcited by 34
  11. 2024A Survey on Multimodal Benchmarks: In the Era of Large AI Modelscited by 27
  12. 2024CulturalBench: A Robust, Diverse, and Challenging Cultural Benchmark by Human-AI CulturalTeamingcited by 27
38 more
  1. 2025From Perception to Cognition: A Survey of Vision-Language Interactive Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 26
  2. 2024JMMMU: A Japanese Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark for Culture-aware Evaluationcited by 19
  3. 2025HumaniBench: A Human-Centric Framework for Large Multimodal Models Evaluationcited by 19
  4. 2024See It from My Perspective: How Language Affects Cultural Bias in Image Understandingcited by 17
  5. 2024CAMEL-Bench: A Comprehensive Arabic LMM Benchmarkcited by 17
  6. 2025HSSBench: Benchmarking Humanities and Social Sciences Ability for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 17
  7. 2025Charting the Landscape of African NLP: Mapping Progress and Shaping the Road Aheadcited by 15
  8. 2025Diffusion Models Through a Global Lens: Are They Culturally Inclusive?cited by 14
  9. 2025Beyond Words: Exploring Cultural Value Sensitivity in Multimodal Modelscited by 14
  10. 2025Towards General Continuous Memory for Vision-Language Modelscited by 14
  11. 2025SANSKRITI: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Language Models' Knowledge of Indian Culturecited by 14
  12. 2025MMPB: It's Time for Multi-Modal Personalizationcited by 14
  13. 2025VisR-Bench: An Empirical Study on Visual Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Multilingual Long Document Understandingcited by 13
  14. 2025Hire Your Anthropologist! Rethinking Culture Benchmarks Through an Anthropological Lenscited by 13
  15. 2024CROPE: Evaluating In-Context Adaptation of Vision and Language Models to Culture-Specific Conceptscited by 11
  16. 2025Time Travel: A Comprehensive Benchmark to Evaluate LMMs on Historical and Cultural Artifactscited by 10
  17. 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safetycited by 10
  18. 2024CVLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Chinese Vision-Language Understanding Evaluationcited by 8
  19. 2024Vision-Language Models under Cultural and Inclusive Considerationscited by 8
  20. 2025RAVENEA: A Benchmark for Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Visual Culture Understandingcited by 8
  21. 2025Multimodal Cultural Safety: Evaluation Framework and Alignment Strategiescited by 8
  22. 2025CuRe: Cultural Gaps in the Long Tail of Text-to-Image Systemscited by 8
  23. 2025When Cultures Meet: Multicultural Text-to-Image Generationcited by 7
  24. 2025JEEM: Vision-Language Understanding in Four Arabic Dialectscited by 7
  25. 2025IndicVisionBench: Benchmarking Cultural and Multilingual Understanding in VLMscited by 7
  26. 2025CLINIC: Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcarecited by 7
  27. 2024DARE: Diverse Visual Question Answering with Robustness Evaluationcited by 6
  28. 2025Pearl: A Multimodal Culturally-Aware Arabic Instruction Datasetcited by 6
  29. 2026Translation as a Scalable Proxy for Multilingual Evaluationcited by 6
  30. 2026Tears or Cheers? Benchmarking LLMs via Culturally Elicited Distinct Affective Responsescited by 6
  31. 2024ChitroJera: A Regionally Relevant Visual Question Answering Dataset for Banglacited by 5
  32. 2025Hanfu-Bench: A Multimodal Benchmark on Cross-Temporal Cultural Understanding and Transcreationcited by 5
  33. 2025A Culturally-diverse Multilingual Multimodal Video Benchmark & Modelcited by 5
  34. 2025ProMQA-Assembly: Multimodal Procedural QA Dataset on Assemblycited by 5
  35. 2024KAHANI: Culturally-Nuanced Visual Storytelling Tool for Non-Western Culturescited by 4
  36. 2025Mind the Gesture: Evaluating AI Sensitivity to Culturally Offensive Non-Verbal Gesturescited by 4
  37. 2025TCC-Bench: Benchmarking the Traditional Chinese Culture Understanding Capabilities of MLLMscited by 4
  38. 2025CaMMT: Benchmarking Culturally Aware Multimodal Machine Translationcited by 4

50 most cited of 118 All 118 (JSON)

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  1. 2023Language Guided Visual Question Answering: Elevate Your Multimodal Language Model Using Knowledge-Enriched Prompts
  2. 2025Visual question answering: from early developments to recent advances -- a survey
  3. 2025Exploring Advanced Techniques for Visual Question Answering: A Comprehensive Comparison
  4. 2024Natural Language Understanding and Inference with MLLM in Visual Question Answering: A Survey
  5. 2022A-OKVQA: A Benchmark for Visual Question Answering using World Knowledge
  6. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithms
  7. 2025The Quest for Visual Understanding: A Journey Through the Evolution of Visual Question Answering
  8. 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities