mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Are You Talking to a Machine? Dataset and Methods for Multilingual Image Question Answering

arXiv 1505.05612 ↗First posted 21 May 2015cs.CV cs.CL cs.LGcited by 80

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present the mQA model, which is able to answer questions about the content of an image. The answer can be a sentence, a phrase or a single word. Our model contains four components: a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to extract the question representation, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract the visual representation, an LSTM for storing the linguistic context in an answer, and a fusing component to combine the information from the first three components and generate the answer. We construct a Freestyle Multilingual Image Question Answering (FM-IQA) dataset to train and evaluate our mQA model. It contains over 150,000 images and 310,000 freestyle Chinese question-answer pairs and their English translations. The quality of the generated answers of our mQA model on this dataset is evaluated by human judges through a Turing Test. Specifically, we mix the answers provided by humans and our model. The human judges need to distinguish our model from the human. They will also provide a score (i.e. 0, 1, 2, the larger the better) indicating the quality of the answer. We propose strategies to monitor the quality of this evaluation process. The experiments show that in 64.7% of cases, the human judges cannot distinguish our model from humans. The average score is 1.454 (1.918 for human). The details of this work, including the FM-IQA dataset, can be found on the project page: http://idl.baidu.com/FM-IQA.html

Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 May 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 16; 2023: 18; 2024: 12; 2025: 10; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2022A-OKVQA: A Benchmark for Visual Question Answering using World Knowledgecited by 706
  2. 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
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  4. 2023M3IT: A Large-Scale Dataset towards Multi-Modal Multilingual Instruction Tuningcited by 126
  5. 2024CVQA: Culturally-diverse Multilingual Visual Question Answering Benchmarkcited by 120
  6. 2023Encyclopedic VQA: Visual questions about detailed properties of fine-grained categoriescited by 106
  7. 2024MTVQA: Benchmarking Multilingual Text-Centric Visual Question Answeringcited by 93
  8. 2021M6: A Chinese Multimodal Pretrainercited by 91
  9. 2022Clotho-AQA: A Crowdsourced Dataset for Audio Question Answeringcited by 85
  10. 2024Natural Language Understanding and Inference with MLLM in Visual Question Answering: A Surveycited by 76
  11. 2021xGQA: Cross-Lingual Visual Question Answeringcited by 72
  12. 2024FuseMoE: Mixture-of-Experts Transformers for Fleximodal Fusioncited by 67
38 more
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  4. 2024WorldCuisines: A Massive-Scale Benchmark for Multilingual and Multicultural Visual Question Answering on Global Cuisinescited by 39
  5. 2022Deep Learning Methods for Abstract Visual Reasoning: A Survey on Raven's Progressive Matricescited by 37
  6. 2021Multimodal Dialogue Response Generationcited by 32
  7. 2022Vision-Language Intelligence: Tasks, Representation Learning, and Large Modelscited by 28
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  9. 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 24
  10. 2023Robust Visual Question Answering: Datasets, Methods, and Future Challengescited by 23
  11. 2023UNK-VQA: A Dataset and a Probe into the Abstention Ability of Multi-modal Large Modelscited by 23
  12. 2024JMMMU: A Japanese Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark for Culture-aware Evaluationcited by 19
  13. 2022Multimodal Conversational AI: A Survey of Datasets and Approachescited by 16
  14. 2021Asking questions on handwritten document collectionscited by 14
  15. 2022VQA and Visual Reasoning: An Overview of Recent Datasets, Methods and Challengescited by 14
  16. 2021DVD: A Diagnostic Dataset for Multi-step Reasoning in Video Grounded Dialoguecited by 13
  17. 2021Towards Developing a Multilingual and Code-Mixed Visual Question Answering System by Knowledge Distillationcited by 13
  18. 2021GoG: Relation-aware Graph-over-Graph Network for Visual Dialogcited by 13
  19. 2023HaVQA: A Dataset for Visual Question Answering and Multimodal Research in Hausa Languagecited by 12
  20. 2021A survey on VQA_Datasets and Approachescited by 11
  21. 2021Multimodal Incremental Transformer with Visual Grounding for Visual Dialogue Generationcited by 11
  22. 2021Learning to Ground Visual Objects for Visual Dialogcited by 10
  23. 2022CLEAR: Improving Vision-Language Navigation with Cross-Lingual, Environment-Agnostic Representationscited by 10
  24. 2023Answer Mining from a Pool of Images: Towards Retrieval-Based Visual Question Answeringcited by 10
  25. 2025ExDDV: A New Dataset for Explainable Deepfake Detection in Videocited by 10
  26. 2021COSMic: A Coherence-Aware Generation Metric for Image Descriptionscited by 9
  27. 2022Structured Two-stream Attention Network for Video Question Answeringcited by 9
  28. 2023Improving Visual Question Answering Models through Robustness Analysis and In-Context Learning with a Chain of Basic Questionscited by 9
  29. 2025AuroraLong: Bringing RNNs Back to Efficient Open-Ended Video Understandingcited by 9
  30. 2021MTVR: Multilingual Moment Retrieval in Videoscited by 8
  31. 2022Delving Deeper into Cross-lingual Visual Question Answeringcited by 8
  32. 2024CVLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Chinese Vision-Language Understanding Evaluationcited by 8
  33. 2022From Pixels to Objects: Cubic Visual Attention for Visual Question Answeringcited by 7
  34. 2023VTQA: Visual Text Question Answering via Entity Alignment and Cross-Media Reasoningcited by 7
  35. 2024ViTextVQA: A Large-Scale Visual Question Answering Dataset and a Novel Multimodal Feature Fusion Method for Vietnamese Text Comprehension in Imagescited by 7
  36. 2025JEEM: Vision-Language Understanding in Four Arabic Dialectscited by 7
  37. 2023EVJVQA Challenge: Multilingual Visual Question Answeringcited by 6
  38. 2023Learning the meanings of function words from grounded language using a visual question answering modelcited by 6

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