mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Revisiting non-English Text Simplification: A Unified Multilingual Benchmark

arXiv 2305.15678 ↗First posted 25 May 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advancements in high-quality, large-scale English resources have pushed the frontier of English Automatic Text Simplification (ATS) research. However, less work has been done on multilingual text simplification due to the lack of a diverse evaluation benchmark that covers complex-simple sentence pairs in many languages. This paper introduces the MultiSim benchmark, a collection of 27 resources in 12 distinct languages containing over 1.7 million complex-simple sentence pairs. This benchmark will encourage research in developing more effective multilingual text simplification models and evaluation metrics. Our experiments using MultiSim with pre-trained multilingual language models reveal exciting performance improvements from multilingual training in non-English settings. We observe strong performance from Russian in zero-shot cross-lingual transfer to low-resource languages. We further show that few-shot prompting with BLOOM-176b achieves comparable quality to reference simplifications outperforming fine-tuned models in most languages. We validate these findings through human evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 130 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 May 2023.

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39 of 130 references.

References · 39

  1. 2018SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processingcited by 1,989
  2. 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
  3. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,818
  4. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 915
  5. 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 742
  6. 2019CCNet: Extracting High Quality Monolingual Datasets from Web Crawl Datacited by 548
  7. 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 340
  8. 2020XCOPA: A Multilingual Dataset for Causal Commonsense Reasoningcited by 333
  9. 2017OpenNMT: Open-source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translationcited by 251
  10. 2020XGLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-lingual Pre-training, Understanding and Generationcited by 222
  11. 2020MTOP: A Comprehensive Multilingual Task-Oriented Semantic Parsing Benchmarkcited by 158
  12. 2020WikiLingua: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Abstractive Summarizationcited by 154
27 more
  1. 2020MKQA: A Linguistically Diverse Benchmark for Multilingual Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 153
  2. 2020MLSUM: The Multilingual Summarization Corpuscited by 121
  3. 2017Sentence Simplification with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 109
  4. 2020Neural CRF Model for Sentence Alignment in Text Simplificationcited by 106
  5. 2020ASSET: A Dataset for Tuning and Evaluation of Sentence Simplification Models with Multiple Rewriting Transformationscited by 101
  6. 2021X-FACT: A New Benchmark Dataset for Multilingual Fact Checkingcited by 91
  7. 2018BLEU is Not Suitable for the Evaluation of Text Simplificationcited by 78
  8. 2019Controllable Sentence Simplificationcited by 78
  9. 2020Controllable Text Simplification with Explicit Paraphrasingcited by 53
  10. 2017Learning Joint Multilingual Sentence Representations with Neural Machine Translationcited by 52
  11. 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfercited by 52
  12. 2019EASSE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluationcited by 50
  13. 2022FairLex: A Multilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Fairness in Legal Text Processingcited by 49
  14. 2022Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languagescited by 48
  15. 2021Revisiting the Primacy of English in Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfercited by 47
  16. 2020XL-WiC: A Multilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Semantic Contextualizationcited by 42
  17. 2020Multi-SimLex: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Lexical Semantic Similaritycited by 38
  18. 2023XTREME-UP: A User-Centric Scarce-Data Benchmark for Under-Represented Languagescited by 34
  19. 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
  20. 2023ReadMe++: Benchmarking Multilingual Language Models for Multi-Domain Readability Assessmentcited by 19
  21. 2019A Corpus for Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification of Germancited by 18
  22. 2019Subjective Assessment of Text Complexity: A Dataset for German Languagecited by 17
  23. 2020fugashi, a Tool for Tokenizing Japanese in Pythoncited by 17
  24. 2022Klexikon: A German Dataset for Joint Summarization and Simplificationcited by 15
  25. 2022Sequence to sequence pretraining for a less-resourced Slovenian languagecited by 9
  26. 2021Investigating Text Simplification Evaluationcited by 5
  27. 2022Towards Arabic Sentence Simplification via Classification and Generative Approachescited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 9; 2025: 6; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2025LLM Agents for Education: Advances and Applicationscited by 59
  2. 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 51
  3. 2023Turning English-centric LLMs Into Polyglots: How Much Multilinguality Is Needed?cited by 39
  4. 2023Beyond the Chat: Executable and Verifiable Text-Editing with LLMscited by 35
  5. 2023BLESS: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Sentence Simplificationcited by 35
  6. 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuningcited by 13
  7. 2024Analysing Zero-Shot Readability-Controlled Sentence Simplificationcited by 12
  8. 2023Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levelscited by 11
  9. 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspectivecited by 6
  10. 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directionscited by 5
  11. 2023Automatic and Human-AI Interactive Text Generationcited by 4
  12. 2024Spivavtor: An Instruction Tuned Ukrainian Text Editing Modelcited by 4
15 more
  1. 2024Digital Comprehensibility Assessment of Simplified Texts among Persons with Intellectual Disabilitiescited by 3
  2. 2024SiTSE: Sinhala Text Simplification Dataset and Evaluationcited by 3
  3. 2024Simpler becomes Harder: Do LLMs Exhibit a Coherent Behavior on Simplified Corpora?cited by 1
  4. 2024Readability-guided Idiom-aware Sentence Simplification (RISS) for Chinesecited by 1
  5. 2025mStyleDistance: Multilingual Style Embeddings and their Evaluationcited by 1
  6. 2026Let's Simplify Step by Step: Guiding LLM Towards Multilingual Unsupervised Proficiency-Controlled Sentence Simplificationcited by 1
  7. 2024EASSE-DE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluation for Germancited by 0
  8. 2025JUDGEBERT: Assessing Legal Meaning Preservation Between Sentencescited by 0
  9. 2025DETECT: Determining Ease and Textual Clarity of German Text Simplificationscited by 0
  10. 2026Profiling German Text Simplification with Interpretable Model-Fingerprintscited by 0
  11. 2026OasisSimp: An Open-source Asian-English Sentence Simplification Datasetcited by 0
  12. 2026Right at My Level: A Unified Multilingual Framework for Proficiency-Aware Text Simplificationcited by 0
  13. 2026Translate or Simplify First: An Analysis of Cross-lingual Text Simplification in English and Frenchcited by 0
  14. 2026Align and Shine: Building High-Quality Sentence-Aligned Corpora for Multilingual Text Simplificationcited by 0
  15. 2026SimpCue: Cue-Based Prompting for Multilingual Text Simplificationcited by 0